Dream Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Dream Interpretation - Essay Example Thus, the attitudes or responses vary due to the particular contexts. "An attitude is the predisposition to respond in a certain way (Fernald & Fernald, 2003)ii". Undeniably, people intend to satisfy desires by their performing attitudes in day-to-day lives. It is unanimous that dreams are psychologically significant and meaningful expression that meant the implication of the life of the dreamer and connotes a specialty of the occurrences of life. 'The Interpretation of dreams' by Freud has added a new dimension in the development of psychoanalytic explanation requiring the successful dream analysis. The book has opened the floodgate in dream interpretation and helped people bringing an epoch making change in this concern. Prior to the emergence of Freud's theory, the ongoing explanation regarding dream interpretation advocated that dream is the manifestation of mental activity of human being during sleep. With the arrival of the eminent book by Freud, the period of 19th century being marked as the turning point bringing a revolutionary change in global context for dream analysis. Due emphasis is stressed on the neurotic symptoms in interpreting the dreams as the thoughts and ideas of people in awakening hours become visible in dreaming. In regard to the length and clarity of the dreams perceived, there are two sorts of dreams as categorising manifest dreams and latent dreams. Manifest dreams are consciously perceived and subsequently remembered just after the dreams are being dreamt while the dreams that cannot be easily remembered and seemed quite vague are the latent dreams. Of course, in many cases people cannot remember what they experienced in dreaming just with the awakening from the sleeping. This missing of the incidences of dream may be the result of the existence of some repressive forces. The core reason behind the manifest dream is the conglomeration and dominant presence of some latent thoughts. Such manife st dreams mirror the fulfillment of the wishes as regards the issues about which the dreamer was not conscious. However, they were left in the unconscious part of the mind. For instance, if someone expects to satisfy his or her hunger for food or money, is subject to dream the same. In this connection, an excellent example has been drawn by Freud stating that a medical student who routinely is to report to the hospital early in the morning with a view to making rounds, dreams of lying in a hospital bed, and continues to sleep, comforted in the thought that she is already in the hospital. As regards the correspondence of wishes with dreams, there are certain objections since the wishes may not be equally good rather to some extent subject to be hostile in nature. Such hostile or adverse wishes may certainly drive the dreamer to take some repressive actions or dream alike things. At the same way, a dreamer who wishes to do better for someone may dream that he is doing so or rescuing anybody from the net of danger or adverse situation. Psychological Explanation As every dream has a psychological structure, it is significant to hold that every dream has a psychological explanation. Hence, much significance of psychological interpretation is laid on it. The obscurity or clarity of the dr

Article Discourse Analysis: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

Article Discourse Analysis: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A Critical Discourse Analysis of an article on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict With increasing global media synergies, media studies seems to be gaining popularity in academia. One part of this discipline involves the close examination of media texts, be they written, spoken, or symbolic. To analyse texts linguistically, two dimensions are often considered: that of coherence, involving semantics or the construction of meaning, and that of cohesion, or syntax. This analysis can be done through various types of frameworks, including grounded theory, narrative semiotics, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis (CDA). According to Barthes (1994), texts are always multi-dimensional and their meanings are uncovered differently depending on the reader, context and setting. Particularly in the media, they are interconnected to other texts, through means such as quotations, indirect or direct references, photos or historical facts; thus, it could be said that the media produce and reproduce not only texts, but from these, social meaning, which is then further reinforced through subsequent intertextuality (Ibid). Baudrillard (2000) adds that language itself is not necessarily powerful; what makes it more so is its use by powerful people—in today’s society, this being epitomised by the globalised media. Critical discourse analysis is also sometimes referred to as critical linguistics (Wodak and Busch, 2004). Its roots lie in classical rhetoric, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, and it is often used to illustrate the relationships that power, hierarchy, race and gender have with language (Fairclough, 1995). CDA is especially used today by academics that regard the discursive unit of a text to be one of the most basic units of communication. In fact, it is so widely used within scholarly environments that its legitimacy as a tool for examining power imbalances has been called into question by some, such as Billing (Wodak and Busch, 2004). He claims that because CDA has become so entrenched in academic discourses, it is thus subject to the same rituals and jargon as institutionalized knowledge, thus negating its potential to demystify the functions and intentions of CDA research. While these points are interesting and worthy of further exploration, the scope of this paper will not allow such examination, and furthermore, the assumptions of this paper are that CDA does, in fact, provide useful tools for critical analysis of media texts. Thus, this paper will apply CDA to one article by Rory McCarthy in the Guardian newspaper, dated Wednesday, December 12th, 2007. CDA will be employed to illustrate overt and underlying assumptions and beliefs, as well as the construction of social meaning. Wodak and Busch (2004) claim that all texts can help reproduce and produce unequal relationships in power between men and women, racial groups, social classes, ethnicities, and nations. This can be done through the creation of the Other, which involves the textual representation of a group as being ‘perpetrators and agents’ operating outside the law (Ibid, p. 99). They further claim that after the terrorist attacks of September 11, anti-Islamic prejudices became more pronounced in the media, which characterizes Muslims in anonymous and criminal terms (Ibid). Additionally, ‘strategies of generalization, blaming the victim, and victim-perpetrator reversal are increasingly prominent’ (Ibid, p.100). Analysing the text in the Guardian, these strategies do indeed seem to be in place. For example, actions attributed to Palestinians in the article often involved negative activities, whereas verbs related to the Israelis were more neutral: Palestinian actions: firing rockets, accused, complained, fired back, were detained, were reported, appeared to be Israeli actions: mounted an incursion, said, issue tenders for It is only when the voice of the article shifts from the writer to a direct quote from a Palestinian official that any harsher activities are attributed to the Israelis: sabotage, place obstacles The first sentence of the article is also interesting: Israeli troops in tanks and armoured vehicles mounted an incursion into Gaza yesterday, killing at least six Palestinians†¦.As many as 30 tanks and vehicles were involved in the operation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Although the facts in the article imply that the Israeli army killed several Palestinians, it is important to note the syntax of the sentence removes direct responsibility from the army and pins it on ‘the incursion’. What is more, semantically, Israeli activity is never referred to as an ‘invasion’ or an ‘attack’ but is referred to as a mere ‘incursion’ or ‘operation’, or in the title, ‘Israeli tanks enter Gaza’. The Israelis have neutral ‘troops’ which are seeking ‘members of Islamic Jihad’ ‘a hardline Palestinian militant group’ or ‘Palestinian fighters’. These phrases imply that Palestinians are the only ones operating outside the law. Although it is clear from the facts stated in the article that Israel is the aggressor in this particular case: (tanks enter Gaza, killing at least six Palestinian militants) the writer felt it was necessary to include the feeble reaction of the Palestinians to this ‘incursion’ even though no Israelis were killed or even injured by the Palestinian action: ‘Palestinian fighters fired back’. This structure implies a fair battle, although it is abundantly clear that Israel is the only party here with fierce military power. The body count is kept low in the piece, which claims ‘at least six Palestinian militants’ were killed, rather than emphasizing a larger number, such as ‘about ten’ or even ‘half a dozen’ even though it seems certain that more than six were killed. Importantly, only the deaths of the ‘militants’ are mentioned here: it could be quite possible, then, that several hundred civilians were also killed. Although ‘as many as 30 tanks and vehicles’ seems a high number, the fact that these machines, and not people, were semantically involved in the invasion diminishes personal, human responsibility for the invasion and deaths. The sentence: ‘most of the dead appeared to be members of Islamic Jihad†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ only slightly suggests the possibility that ‘innocent civilians’ were also killed in the attack, and the words ‘appeared to be’ mean that there was no firm confirmation that the dead were, in fact, members of Islamic Jihad. ‘Several Palestinians were reported injured’ is another vague sentence which refuses to offer quantitative data regarding how many were injured, or give information about who, exactly, gave this report, which makes it sound dubious. The simple use of Palestinians is also vague and fails to clearly state the possible injury of ‘innocent civilians’. The situatedness of this text historically and politically supports Barthe’s claim that social meaning is reinforced through intertextuality. There is no mention or even implication that the Palestinians are, in fact, fighting to free their homeland from an illegal oppressor, and there is also no overt mention of the illegitimacy and illegality of Israel’s acts: for example, by choosing the word ‘settlement’ in the sentence: ‘†¦an Israeli decision†¦to issue tenders for more than 300 houses in the East Jerusalem settlement of Har Homa’ allows for a form of Israeli ‘newspeak’ to whitewash what is essentially an illegal occupation that has destroyed the natural environment of the Abu Ghneim forest and stolen more land from the Palestinians (poica.org) . Moreover, there is no mention of how Israel has repeatedly been condemned by the United Nations for its illegal ‘settlements’ such as that in Har Homa (Ibid). In fact, after reading such an article as the one in the Guardian, readers could well be left wondering just why the Palestinians have been ‘firing rockets’ or why they have been ‘detained’ or have become ‘militants’, although the article makes Israeli grievances easier to understand by employing the very lexis just mentioned previously (as well as: Islamic Jihad, accuse, complain). Thus, victim-perpetrator relationships are skewed by the semantics and syntax used in the article. There is no doubt that Israel is an oppressive power and disturbing presence in the Middle East, yet it is rarely portrayed as such in the media. There could be several reasons for this, but one may reside in Foucault’s notion of discourse, which states that discourse is an institutionalized way of thinking about something, or in other words, it defines the limits of what constitutes acceptable speech on a topic. Discourse is thus related to power, and defining discourses are often taken to be defining of reality itself (Foucault, 1997). Wodak and Busch (2004) state that the dominant discourse on Israel generally supports this state, possibly as a kind of backlash after the blatantly anti-Semetic propaganda that was once so common in Europe before and during the Second World War, but also because power relationships have shifted: Israel is a key ally to the most powerful nations in the world, including the United Kingdom and the United States, and as mentioned by Baudrillard (2000), the powerful use language to keep power structures intact. The final sentence of the article illustrates this point well: Although Israeli and Palestinian leaders and negotiators have been meeting regularly for months, today’s meeting marks the beginning of talks intended eventually to bring the creation of an independent Palestinian state. This paragraph implies that talks to create a Palestinian state are just beginning, and that a Palestinian state could possibly be created for the first time. Both of these assumptions are erroneous. Without delving too deeply in the politics of the Middle East, it is generally known by most that shortly after Israel’s inception, talks to negotiate Arab/Jewish territory have gone on almost continually. Secondly, in 1919 Palestine was provisionally recognized as an independent nation by the League of Nations in League Covenant Article 22(4) as well as by the 1922 Mandate for Palestine that was awarded to Great Britain. This recognition continues today due to the conservatory clause found in Article 80(1) of the United Nations Charter (Boyle, ) . Thus, ‘the creation of an independent Palestinian state’ negates the fact that such a nation has already existed. Incidentally, legally, Israel does not have fixed and permanent borders (except most recently with respect to Egypt) and yet it is generally considered by the media to be a legitimate state (Ibid). What is important to note here is that history is practically being rewritten in the Guardian text. Van Djik’s (1990) explanation as to how this is possible is closely connected to Barthes (1994) and Baudrillard’s (2000) ideas mentioned above. He claims that journalists and media consumers own ‘mental models of the world’ and thus any text that is understood contains only the ‘tip of an iceberg of information’ (Ibid, p.6). The tip is expressed through syntax and semiotics, but the rest is assumed to be supplied by the underlying knowledge of previous texts. For this reason, Van Djik states that ‘the analysis of the implicit†¦is very useful in the study of underlying ideologies’ (Ibid, p.6). In conclusion, this paper has illustrated how critical discourse analysis can be a useful tool for unearthing implicit meanings in text, through the analysis of syntax, semiotics, and assumptions implicit through intertextuality. Furthermore, it has given examples of how current discourses of power can influence the content of media texts. There is no doubt that after several years of exposure to standard news formats, broadcasters and audiences alike are prone to overlooking the covert messages in news content. For this reason, a critical perspective is certainly important, and furthermore, if news texts are assumed to be a system of encoding reality, then the agendas of the encoders must be understood before a thorough deconstruction of their messages can be possible. Appendix 1 Israel tanks enter Gaza on eve of peace talks Rory McCarthy, Jerusalem Israeli troops in tanks and armoured vehicles mounted an incursion into Gaza yesterday, killing at least six Palestinian militants on the eve of a new round of peace talks. As many as 30 tanks and vehicles were involved in the operation in southern Gaza, near the Sufa crossing and close to the town of Khan Yunnis. Several Palestinians were reported injured. The Israeli military said it was a routine operation against militants, but Palestinian officials accused Israel of trying to disrupt the peace talks. Israeli and Palestinian negotiators were to meet today at the King David hotel in Jerusalem to start a new process of talks in the wake of the Middle East conference in Annapolis late last month. Palestinian officials have already complained about an Israeli decision last week to issue tenders for more than 300 houses in the East Jerusalem settlement of Har Homa. ‘The Israeli policy of escalation aims to sabotage and place obstacles before the negotiations even before they start,’ said Nabil Abu Rdeneh, a spokesman for the Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas. Most of the dead appeared to be members of Islamic Jihad, a small but hardline Palestinian militant group which ahs been responsible for firing makeshift rockets from Gaza into Israel. Around 60 Palestinians were detained in what was the largest Israeli operation in months. Palestinian fighters fired back and hit one Israeli tank. Although Israeli and Palestinian leaders and negotiators have been meeting regularly for months, today’s meeting marks the beginning of talks intended to eventually bring the creation of an independent Palestinian state. References Barthes, R, (1994) Mythologies, Hill and Wang, London Baudrillard, J, (2000), Routledge Critical Thinkers, Routledge Publishing, London Boyle, F, (2007) Elements of Palestinian Statehood, in The European Journal of International Law, Vol.18 No 3 Fairclough, N (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis, Longman, Harlow. Foucault, M (1997) The Politics of Truth, Semiotext(e), France McCarthy, R, Israel tanks enter Gaza on eve of peace talks, in the Guardian, December 12, 2007 Van Djik, T. A. (1990). Discourse Society, in Van Djik, T. A (ed.), (2007) A New Journal for a New Research Focus, Volume 18 No 2, Sage Publications, London Wodak, R and Busch, B, (2004) Approaches to Media Studies, in Downing, J, The Sage Handbook of Media Studies, Sage, London http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=1207

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the Rye By J.D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye was an interesting and controversial book. I chose to read the book because of the negative status it has with parents, teachers, and school. I wanted to discover what the roots of this controversy are.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character who narrates throughout the book, Holden Caulfield, tells about his life before and after he is kicked from Pencey Prep. At Pencey, the only subject he got a decent grade in was English, all others he failed and didn’t show up to regularly. The meat of the book consists mainly of what Holden does and thinks after he leaves Pencey. His internal conflict after leaving is what his parents will think when they find out he had been kicked from another college. The title of the book portrays the best idea of what Holden wants to do with his life. He imagines a group of children playing in a rye field that’s adjacent to a cliff. He described himself to his sister as the person that would catch the kids if they ever got near the edge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was truly enjoyable to read, to see Holden’s strange and peculiar outlook on life. He had very distinct things that he hated and liked. For example, the only kind of books he enjoyed were books written by his brother, who wrote short stories. In many parts of the book, he is remembering a girl he once went out with or liked at one time. In one instance he called a girl he had the number of in the middle of the night from a drab hotel room. I think he did this solely to hear a girl’s voice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversy that has arisen from this book also became clear after reading it. Holden has an overall negative attitude about everything and the way he lives his life. Also, his being kicked from colleges numerous times doesn’t set a good example either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This novel by J.D. Salinger about a troubled teen is one that’s controversial and fun to read at the same time.

Nature nurture debate Essay

Critically compare how the nature/nurture debate has been addressed by three different researchers or schools of thought in psychology and/or philosophy. At least ones of the researchers/schools must have been active before the 20th century. The nature nurture debate has been a traditional argument for centuries between numerous psychologists. The debate questions whether human abilities are innate or obtained through experience. All through history, psychologists have not been able to come to an agreement with the debate of nature and nurture. Even though all psychologists have not been able to agree on the same views, there are several ypotheses that have been tested. This essay will critically compare the relative importance of the debate through defining the key terms nature and nurture, focussing on three schools in psychology- Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive; discussing their findings involved and using evidence to back up arguments used throughout. Nature is defined as human-beings come into the world as intuitive store of knowledge and understanding of reality (Smith et al 2003 p. ). In other words the Nature side of the debate believes that everyone is born with some sort of information. Smith et al (2003 p. ) also defined Nurture as being â€Å"knowledge being acquired through experience and interactions of the world. This suggests that everyone is born as a blank slate and learn everything through the environment around us. Structuralism was one of the earliest schools that came about prior to the 20t h century due to the Work of Wilhelm Wundt. It was the first school of thought to be established. The paradigm of structuralism is primarily concerned with the structure of the human psyche, and it does not address historical aspects or change in culture† (Lett 1987, Rubel and Rosman 1996). Wilhelm Wundt was interested in tudying mental experiences. His psychology relied on the natural sciences, and he believed that psychology was all about conscious experience. The method known as introspection was brought into play with Wundt believing that trained observers could illustrate thoughts, feelings and emotions through the use of this procedure. Cited online: (Kendra Cherry 2012). Wundt defined introspection as â€Å"the examination of one’s own mental state† (Schultz D, P & Schultz S, E. 2008 p. ) This suggests that introspection can be seen as a self examination. In his work of introspection he wanted to identify aspects to do with mental experience. To support this Nevid, J. S (2009 p. 7) proposed that â€Å"Wundt used introspection as a method of elaborating the basic structures of mental experience in the structure of feelings, perceptions and sensations. † What’s more, Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) who became a disciple of Wilhelm Wundt. Titchener collaborated with Wundt on the method known as introspection and the pair decided together to attempt the construction of Ones mind, in terms of breaking down mental experiences into their component parts (Nevid, J. S 2009). As regards to the nature- nurture debate, some theorists may see Structuralism being slightly more on the nurture side, since Wundt’s explains the experiences within a person. However, Structuralism mainly falls towards the nature side of the debate which he talks about internal reasons, that Wundt proposes the experience of a person and those experiences are caused by the environment. nconscious drives. Initially, psychology should be scientific and should always be able to measure the things you’re studying. Also, introspection could be seen as lacking in reliability and the construction of and individual’s brain can be seen as too subjective (Moore 2011). Therefore, the work by Wundt and his disciple Titchener would not be seen v alid. Another school of thought is Behaviourism. It was introduced in the early 20th century by John B. Watson and was the primary paradigm in psychology around this time. Behaviourism is mostly concerned with observable behaviour as opposed to internal events like thinking† (McLeod, S. A. 2007). â€Å"The emphasis was placed upon identifying the external factors and produce changes in behaviour, learning or conditioning using a ‘stimulus response’ model† (Malim ; Birch 1998 cited in Ingleby et al 2010). John B. Watson (1978-1958) gnored Structuralism views, when he considered that the only area under discussion that psychologists ought to consider was that of behaviour, and he rejected the consciousness theory. ). Watson did not believe in introspection being any part of his school of thoughts. He believed that behaviourism would eliminate all initiatives that Structuralism invented. Supporting this Dewey, R (2007) proposes that â€Å"Watson implied the behaviourists would completely remove introspection from psychology. † Watson strong interest into classical conditioning and controlling the emotions of human behaviour lead to his study of ‘little Albert’ experiment. Previously, in the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was interested in classical conditioning, and lead to him looking at salivation in dogs when they were being fed. The introduction to PavloVs work on classical conditioning influenced Watson to then prepare his study on little Albert. â€Å"Watson was interested in taking Pavlov’s research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people† (Cherry, K. 2012). The study consisted of Watson and Raynor in 1920, exposing an orphan ‘little Albert’ with a series of stimuli, the famous stimuli of all; a white rat, and then observed little Albert’s reactions to it. Little Albert did not show any sign of fear when the rat was exposed. Watson then showed Albert the rat again but making a loud noise. As expected from a youngster, he began to cry after hearing the noise. Each time after that, Watson showed the child the rat and he began to cry automatically. Therefore showing that Watson had conditioned and emotional response of fear with the child when the loud noise was paired with the rabbit cited in (Nicholas, L. 2008). Consequently, Watson was able to show that emotional responses can be conditioned or learned. He then concluded that phobias were most likely conditioned responses. Watson was similar to Freud, that early childhood experiences influenced the adult personality. Watson differed from Freud in that he had behavioural evidence that learned responses in childhood transferred across stimuli and environments† as cited in (Watson et al. 1920). Watson was a proponent of the nurture debate and believed that all individuals’ differences were down to the result of learning. Another psychologist that engages into the nurture debate is Bandura (1961) who conducted a study to investigate if social behaviors can be obtained by imitation. The results supported his Social learning theory. McLeod, S. A. 2011) put forward the results from Bandura’s study as â€Å"Children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning – through watching the behavior of another century. This is the school that stresses the importance of the unconscious mind. Psychoanalysis is made up of infantile experiences and for many alongside biological instincts or drives, particularly sexual ones Cones 2001). Therefore thi s takes both nature and nurture perspectives into account. Freud is one of the most endowed and the most complex, figures in the history of psychology Cited in (Glassman & Hadad 009). Freud’s theory can be used to question the behaviourist approach, due to their view that the environment influences and individual’s notion and behaviour. However Freud believes that the human thought and behaviour is more complex than this. â€Å"Freud proposes that the mind is a combination of all conscious and unconscious thoughts† (Malim and birch 1998:9, Cited in Ingleby et al 2010). Freud proposed a three part structure to personality; ‘d, ego and the superego. These three components all have their own individual principles. They are mental processes or systems and not actual physical structures (Griggs 2009). The ld consists of being the source of all basic drives. The ego is the part of the personality that mediates between the ld and the Superego. It is the most pragmatic part of the personality and it finds gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of norms and society (Griggs 2009). The superego opposes the demands of the ‘d, and is known as the conscience of ones mind. It was the last structure to develop. It is known as the ‘morality principle’ as it represents the moral demands of family and society, and opposes the desire for immediate gratification (Glassman & Hadad 2009). Freud also developed a process that the ego used which is known as the defence mechanism. This is the process which the ego used to protect humans for anxiety. Additionally, moving on from the inequity of the three personality structures, Freud emphasised the importance that childhood experiences impact personality, and this is how he lead to his theory of the psychosexual stages. These stages engaged in the different points that children experienced throughout their childhood. Freud stressed the importance of nature playing a major role throughout each of these stages that children went through (Feshbach et al, 1991). Erik Erikson one of the major neo-Freudian theorists, expanded on Freud’s theory. He developed eight psychosocial stages that he believed each individual came across throughout their life (Glassman ; Hadad 2009). Erikson proposed that an individuals life span , matured throughout their life span, whilst Freud considered that out personality is formed at the age of 5 (Miller 1983). In addition to Freud’s work, psychologist Carl Jung who is best known for his theory of the Collective unconscious established a rapport between the conscious and unconscious. Although Jung agreed with Freud ith the existence of the Unconscious, he believed that Freud failed to explain details about the presence of archetypes within human minds† (Smith 2003 p. 464). Overall, Psychoanalysis accounts for both nature and nurture debate, where Freud and Jung were interested in the unconscious mind; relying on the nature, however Freud also put forward the influence of child experience repres enting the nurture debate. Therefore this school of thought indicates a combination of both nature and nurture. To conclude, there are a number ‘Thoughts of schools† that provide evidence for both Nature and Nurture debate.

Trace Elements In Diabetics Health And Social Care Essay

Aim: The aim was to look into urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn and their relation with serum insulin in diabetes worlds. Materials and Methods: 40 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes, 30 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and 20 normal healthy topics were investigated for their serum degrees of glucose and insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. There was important addition in the urinary elimination of all the three hint elements in diabetic patient. No important correlativity could be found between serum insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. Consequences: The consequences indicate that there is increased elimination of hint elements in diabetes mellitus but it has no relation with serum insulin. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Serum insulin, Trace elements ( Fe, Cu and Zn ) . Introduction: Trace elements are inorganic elements, which are required in the diet in really little sums, less than 100 mg/day1 and are present in our tissues in merely highly little measures, with the concentration of mcgs to pictograms per gm of moisture organ.2For this ground, they are referred to as hint elements. Trace elements have indispensable function in normal growing, development and wellness of worlds. They have their function in diverse activities such as haem synthesis, connective tissue metamorphosis, bone development and as indispensable constituent of many enzymes.3In add-on hint elements have besides been shown to act upon the hormone system. They influence the hormone system in different ways depending upon whether the metal is present in surplus or in low province. Therefore, increasing or diminishing the concentration of several hint metals has been shown to act upon the hormonal synthesis, secernment, hormonal precursor consumption into mark secretory organs, endocrine binding to aim tissues and its utilization.4 Diabetess mellitus is most common endocrine disease of worlds and is due to absolute or comparative lack of endocrine, insuline5.Diabetes mellitus is said to be of multifactorial etiology and three meshing mechanisms are thought to be responsible: familial exposure, autoimmunity and environmental factors. Although no definite environmental agent has been identified, the environmental factors implicated include viruses, fleshiness, gestation and vague environmental agents6. Research findings have emphasized that lack of certain hint elements consequences in diabetes like conditions in experimental animate beings. The hint elements, the lack of which has been shown to ensue in diabetes like symptoms are chromium7,8, zinc9, manganes10,11 and copper12. As the lack of these hint minerals resulted in diabetes like symptoms and the supplementation of the peculiar hint component readily reversed the ascertained symptoms, it can be concluded, from such surveies, that lack of these hint elements adversely influences the synthesis, secernment or action of insulin. Merely as the hint elements have been shown to act upon the insulin, alterations in the concentration of insulin have besides been shown to act upon or to be associated with alterations in the concentrations of several hint metals in the blood, urine and other tissues. Changing degrees of go arounding endocrine may either change the distribution of hint elements in assorted cellular compartments, or may bring forth a displacement of the metals to the tissues which are non usually associated with these concentration of these elements or they may alter renal or hepatic handling of hint elements ensuing in increased urinary or faecal loss of the hint minerals, thereby bring forthing entire organic structure loss4. Surveies on â€Å" the consequence of diabetes mellitus on hint component metamorphosis † have largely been carried out in animate beings, experimental theoretical account for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Such surveies have revealed that experimental diabetes produces alternations in the absorption13, tissue distribution14, metabolism15 and excretion16 of hint elements. Metamorphosis of Zn, Cu and Fe is greatly influenced and the hormonal instability nowadays in insulin-dependent diabetes is said to be involved in altered hint metabolism14,15. Surveies on human existences are really limited and even the survey which have been carried out, has failed to see any relationship between urinary elimination of hint elements and serum insulin. If it is true that the hormonal instability nowadays in insulin-dependent diabetes is involved in changing hint component excretion16, so there may be a relationship between urinary elimination of hint elements and serum insulin. The present survey was hence, aimed to look into the serum insulin and urinary elimination of hint elements ( Fe, Cu and Zn ) in normal, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes in an effort to happen any correlativity between serum insulin and urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn. Study besides included the comparing of all these parametric quantities among diabetic and normal topics.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients:70 human diabetics, including both males and females, on out-of-door intervention at assorted outpatient sections and at diabetic clinic, DHQ, Mirpur, AJ & A ; K, Peshawar were studied. Diabetic patients had fasting plasma glucose degree of more than 140 mg/dl or random blood glucose degree of more than 200 mg/dl on more than one juncture. Patients were divided into two groups depending on manner of intervention: Insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. 20 normal healthy topics with no household history of diabetes were taken as controls. Both control and diabetic topics fulfilled the undermentioned standards: Their ages ranged from 25-60 old ages. They were normotensives, with normal nephritic maps and no albuminuria. None of these had open grounds of liver, enteric or endocrinal upset. Subjects holding steroids, or taking any vitamin or mineral supplementation were non included in the survey. Patients were asked to stop insulin for 24-48 hours and unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs for 5 yearss before roll uping the urine samples.Collection of blood samples:Blood was drawn from each patient and normal topic after 10-12 hours fast from an antecubital vena between 8.00-10.00 a.m. Serum was separated within one hr. Glucose appraisal was carried out immediately. Serum for insulin appraisal was stored at -20A °C boulder clay analysis.Collection of urine samples:24 hours urine samples were collected in 4-5 litre plastic containers, washed with 15 % HCl and rinsed thrice with deionized H2O. Each patient was provided with a labeled container and a bag in which to transport the container at his or her visit to the infirmary and at the same clip, the patient was asked to stop the intervention, and to get down urine aggregation after 5 yearss in instance of unwritten hypoglycaemic drugs and 24-48 hours, in instance the patient was taking insulin. On the twenty-four hours of blood tryin g container was collected and the patient was asked about figure of times he or she had missed invalidating into the aggregation container. Merely the urine aggregations reported as complete were used in the analysis. Immediately after aggregation, the volume of each specimen was recorded. 20 milliliter of each urine specimen was centrifuged for 10 proceedingss to take bacteriums, cells, dramatis personaes and other particulate stuffs. 15 milliliter of the supernatant was decanted in plastic bottles and stored at -20A °C boulder clay analysis. It was used for appraisal of Fe, Cu and Zn. 1ml of piss was used for sensing of proteins by chemical method utilizing sulfosalicylic acid. All the glass and plastic ware used were soaked in 15 % HCl overnight and so rinsed thrice with deionized H2O. Serum glucose was measured by glucose oxidase/peroxidase colorimetric method utilizing analytical kit ( Boehringer Manheim GmbH Diagnostica ) . Serum insulin was measured by RIA utilizing analytical kit provided by Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angles, USA. Urinary Fe was measured by method of Olson and Hamlim17, likewise as for serum. Urinary Cu and Zn were measured by method of Dawson et Al. ( Cited by Varley ) 18. Atomic soaking up spectrophotometer model3030-B Perkin Elmer Company, Norwalk was used for the three hint elements. Students paired't ‘ trial was used for statistical analysis.TABLE-1AGE, SEX AND WEIGHT OF NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS: The tabular array shows the age, sex and organic structure weight of normal and diabetic patients. The values are average A ± s. e. m. The entire figure of topics is given in parametric quantities. DIABETIC PATIENTS The patients enduring from diabetes were grouped harmonizing to the manner of intervention. The average serum values A ± s. e. m for glucose and insulin in different groups are given. Number of topics is given in parentheses.TABLE-3Fast SERUM IRON, COPPER AND ZINC IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS Serum Fe, Cu and Zn were measured by atomic soaking up spectrophotometery. Concentrations are expressed as mean values A ±s. e. m. Number of topics is given in parentheses. P & lt ; 0.001 = The Valuess are extremely important as compared to normal control topics.TABLE-4COMPARISON OF 24-HOUR URINE VOLUME, URINARY IRON, COPPER AND ZINC IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND DIABETIC PATIENTS The values are expressed as average A ± s. e. m. Number of topics is parentheses. P & lt ; 0.001 = Valuess are extremely important as compared to command topics.Consequence:Table 1 describes the ages, sex and weight of normal topics and diabetic patients. Age and organic structure weight of insulin-dependent diabetics showed no important difference. While in non-insulin-dependent diabetics it was higher ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) as compared to controls. Fasting serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin in normal topics and diabetic patients are shown in table 2. There is significance addition in serum glucose degrees in diabetic patients ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) and this addition is more pronounced in insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Serum insulin is significantly increased in non-insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) , while in insulin-dependent diabetics, the serum insulin is significantly decreased ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) as compared to normal controls. Table 3 describes the 24 hours urinary volume and elimination of Fe, Cu and zinc/24 hours in normal topics every bit good as diabetic patients. The consequences of this tabular array indicate that urine volume is significantly increased in diabetic patients as compared to normal topics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) and this is significantly higher in insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to non-insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) . 24 hours urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn is besides significantly increased in both the classs of diabetes ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) , with significantly more elimination in insulin-dependent diabetics ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) than non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Table 4 gives the urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn per millilitre, in normal and diabetic topics. The consequences indicate that urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn per millilitre is besides significantly increased in diabetics as compared to controls and once more this addition is significantly more pronounced in insulin-dependent diabetics than in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.Discussion:Marked alterations in hint component metamorphosis have been demonstrated in streptozotocin-diabetic rate14,15. Prolonged streptozotocin induced diabetes besides interferes, with normal form of bone mineralization19. Increased elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn has been reported in experimental diabetes in rates16. Surveies of triumph et al.20 provided direct grounds of influence of hormonal instability on hint metals. Our findings support and widen the old work. Zinc elimination among normal topics is 420.07A ±14.7 A µg/day and is in conformity with the by and large stated average Zn elimination of 300-600 A µg/day18. Similarly urinary elimination of Fe and Cu is besides within the normal international mention scope. Consequences besides demonstrate that diabetic status is associated with increased 24 hours urinary elimination of the three micronutrients zinc, Cu and Fe. Among the diabetics in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetics average elimination was in surplus of 600 A µg/day. Similarly Fe and Cu elimination was besides significantly higher in both the insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetics as compared to controls. Hyperzincuria has antecedently been reported in diabetic humans21.22.23.24. Although exact mechanism of increased urinary elimination has non been elucidated, assorted possible mechanisms have been proposed. Diabetic status consequences in increased glomerular filtration rate and it is suggested that such an change in nephritic map may lend to the increased urinary losingss of the hint elements16. But, the observation that addition in urine volume brought approximately by imbibing extra H2O did non change the entire urinary Zn elimination in non-diabetics21 would on the other manus indicate that the polyuria of diabetes may non be an of import determiner of Hyperzincuria or increased elimination of other hint elements in diabetes. This is farther supported by fact that when the concentrations were expressed per millilitre of piss, statistically important differences were still observed. Increased urinary loss of Fe Cu and Zn could be explained by increased dietetic consumption but urinary loss of Fe, Cu and Zn varies small with dietetic consumption because the predominant healthy excretory path in healthy adult male is the enteric piece of land. Increased urinary elimination reflects acute alterations in biologic stores25. No addition in urinary Zn has been seen when dietetic consumption is doubled in human topics. The surplus is eliminated via the feces24. The possibility of difference between diabetics and normal in their selective soaking up of hint elements in the intestine can non be ignored but information on this facet is non available. Pidduck et al.24 has proposed three possible mechanisms. It could be that Hyperzincuria or increased elimination of Fe and Cu indicates an abnormalcy of production or dislocation of metalloenzymes or metal-enzymes composites. It is possible that some portion of organic structure is bring forthing its ain metabolites with chelating belongingss, it could be the pancreas of the diabetic which is disorganized in the manner, suggested. Family surveies suggest a important heritability of urinary Zn elimination in 19 households. Some households be givening to be low urinary Zn excreters and others high. It would look possible that urinary elimination of Zn or perchance other hint elements is controlled by allelomorphs at a figure of venue and that diabetics possess a different mixture of allelomorphs to those possessed by non-diabetics. It is besides believed that increased elimination is chiefly of endogenous beginning for illustration, musculus breakdown16 or diabetic bone loss. However, the bone mineral loss in diabetics can merely account for less than 10 % of the diabetic hyperzincuria22. Urinary Zn losingss are specially increased during katabolic states26. Intense exercising may increase urinary losingss and it has been shown that exercising additions skeletal musculus protein dislocation and such phenomena could increase urinary Zn losses27. Zinc elimination is shown to increase under assortment of katabolic conditions and Zn is reported to be derived from skeletal musculus. Although the surveies have been carried out for Zn, the skeletal musculus protein breakdown my lead to increased, urinary elimination of Fe and Cu. Untreated diabetes may stand for a katabolic province and addition in skeletal musculus protein turnover and it is likely that urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn may be derived from skeletal musculus tissue. As none of the patients had albuminurias, the increased urinary losingss of these trace metals may possibly be due to altered hormone position seen in diabetes and non due to diabetic kidney disease. This decision is supported by fact that improved metabolic control in diabetic rats by insulin intervention resulted in significantly reduced elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn in the urine16 in diabetic worlds in the Restoration of normozincuria16. No relation could be found between serum insulin and day-to-day urinary elimination of Fe, Cu and Zn in either normal persons or diabetic patients. This may be due to the ground that endocrine relationships in uncontrolled diabetes become extremely complex because glucagon and glucocorticoids degrees are increased in response to insulin lack. Both of these are shown to act upon the serum or urinary degrees of hint elements. Other ground may be that the go arounding immunoreactive insulin in diabetics may non be active biologically. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes had significantly higher organic structure weight every bit compared to controls. Association between increased organic structure weight and no-insulin-dependent diabetes has antecedently been described26. Obesity is of much greater importance than either race or sex in the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes29. Therefore, a recommendation against going fleshy might be given. A sum of 25 patients ( 35.7 % ) out of 70 had a positive household history of diabetes. High per centum of patients holding positive household history of diabetes suggests a insouciant relationship of this factor with the disease. This survey may hold clinical and pathological deductions. If there is increased elimination of hint elements in diabetes, this may connote that when dietetic degrees are deficient, the patient ‘s tissues are depleted in favour of increased urinary elimination. In this instance, it is speculated that physiological degrees of these foods may be low and some of the pathological events seen in diabetics may be related to or partially explained by lack of these hint elements. For illustration, there is increased incidence of inborn deformities in diabetic pregnancy30 and lack of Cu and Zn has besides been reported to be associated with inborn malformations31. Copper lack is associated with impaired collagen synthesis and increased incidence of breaks. Increased incidence of self-generated breaks has besides been reported in diabetes19. But verification of cause and consequence relationship of these phenomena necessesitates farther surveies.

The Most Common Loan Words in Japanese

The Most Common Loan Words in Japanese The Japanese language has borrowed many words from foreign countries, firstly from China as early as the Nara Period (710-794). Gairaigo (Ã¥ ¤â€"æ  ¥Ã¨ ªÅ¾) is the Japanese word for loan word or borrowed word. Many Chinese words were mixed into Japanese to the extent that they are no longer considered loan words. Most Chinese loan words are written in kanji and carry the Chinese reading (on-reading). Around the 17th century, the Japanese language began to borrow from many western languages. For example, from Portuguese, Dutch, German (especially from the field of medicine), French and Italian (not surprisingly many are from the fields of art, music, and food), and most of all, English. Today, English is the origin of most modern loan words.​ The Japanese use English words to express concepts for which they have no equivalents. However, some people simply prefer to use English expressions for practically or because it is fashionable. In fact, many loan words have existing synonyms in Japanese. For example, the Japanese word for business is shoubai 商å £ ², but the loan word bijinesu ãÆ'“ã‚ ¸Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¹ is also used. Another example is gyuunyuu 牛ä ¹ ³(Japanese word) and miruku ãÆ'ŸãÆ' «Ã£â€š ¯(loan word) for milk. Loan words are generally written in katakana, except the ones of Chinese origin. They are pronounced using Japanese pronunciation rules and Japanese syllables. Therefore, they end up quite different from the original pronunciation. This makes it hard to recognize the original foreign word. Many loan words are often abbreviated in ways they wouldnt get abbreviated in their original language. Examples of Loan Words Maiku ãÆ'žã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¯ microphoneSuupaa ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ¼ supermarketDepaato ãÆ'‡ãÆ'‘ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ - department storeBiru ãÆ'“ãÆ' « buildingIrasuto ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ©Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆ illustrationMeeku ãÆ' ¡Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¯ make-upDaiya ãÆ'€ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ¤ diamond Multiple words are also shortened, often to four syllables. Pasokon ãÆ'‘ã‚ ½Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ³ personal computerWaapuro ãÆ' ¯Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ­ word processorAmefuto ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ'•ãÆ'ˆ American footballPuroresu ãÆ'â€"ãÆ' ­Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£â€š ¹ professional wrestlingKonbini ã‚ ³Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'“ãÆ'‹ convenience storeEakon ã‚ ¨Ã£â€š ¢Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ³ air conditioningMasukomi ãÆ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ'Ÿ mass media (from mass communication) A loan word can be generative. It may be combined with Japanese or other loanwords. Here are some examples. Shouene çÅ" Ã£â€š ¨Ã£Æ'  energy savingShokupan é £Å¸Ã£Æ'‘ãÆ' ³ loaf of breadKeitora è » ½Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' © light commercial truckNatsumero 㠁 ªÃ£  ¤Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ­ a once-popular song Loan words are often combined into Japanese as nouns. When they are combined with suru, it changes the word into a verb. The verb suru (to do) has many extended uses. Doraibu suru ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ©Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€"㠁™ã‚‹ to driveKisu suru ã‚ ­Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹ to kissNokku suru ãÆ'ŽãÆ'Æ'ã‚ ¯Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹ to knockTaipu suru ã‚ ¿Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€"㠁™ã‚‹ to type There are also loan words that are actually made in Japan. For example, sarariiman ã‚ µÃ£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'žãÆ' ³(salary man) refers to someone whose income is salary base, generally the people work for corporations. Another example, naitaa ãÆ'Šã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼, comes from the English word night followed by ~er, means baseball games played at night. Common Loan Words Arubaito ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'ˆ part-time job (from German arbeit)Enjin ã‚ ¨Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¸Ã£Æ' ³ engineGamu ã‚ ¬Ã£Æ'   chewing gumKamera ã‚ «Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' © cameraGarasu ã‚ ¬Ã£Æ' ©Ã£â€š ¹ glassKarendaa ã‚ «Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ۋÆ' ¼ calendarTerebi ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“ televisionHoteru ãÆ'݋Æ'†ãÆ' « hotelResutoran ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ restaurantTonneru ãÆ'ˆãÆ' ³Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' « tunnelMacchi ãÆ'žãÆ'Æ'ãÆ'  matchMishin ãÆ'Ÿã‚ ·Ã£Æ' ³ sewing machineRuuru ãÆ' «Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ' « ruleReji ãÆ' ¬Ã£â€š ¸ cash registerWaishatsu ãÆ' ¯Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ'„ solid colored dress shirt (from white shirt)Baa ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ¼ barSutairu ã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ' « styleSutoorii ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'ˆãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼ storySumaato ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'žãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ smartAidoru ã‚ ¢Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' « idol, pop starAisukuriimu ã‚ ¢Ã£â€š ¤Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'   ice creamAnime ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ'‹ãÆ' ¡ animationAnkeeto ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ±Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆ questionnaire, survey (from French enquete)Baagen ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ²Ã£Æ' ³ a sale at store (from bargain)Bataa ãÆ' Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼ butterBiiru ãÆ'“ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' « beer (from Dutch bier)Booru pen ãÆ'Å"ãÆ' ¼Ã£Æ' «Ã£Æ'šãÆ' ³ ballpoint penDorama ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ'ž TV dramaErebeetaa ã‚ ¨Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ'™ãÆ' ¼Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼ elevatorFurai ãÆ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£â€š ¤ deep fryingFuronto ãÆ'•ãÆ' ­Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ˆ the reception deskGomu ã‚ ´Ã£Æ'   rubber band (from Dutch gom)Handoru ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' « handleHankachi ãÆ' Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š «Ã£Æ'  handkerchief Imeeji ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¸ imagejuusu ã‚ ¸Ã£Æ' ¥Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹ juicekokku ã‚ ³Ã£Æ'Æ'ã‚ ¯ cook (from Dutch kok) Nationality is expressed by adding jin ä º º, which literally means person, after the country name. Amerika-jin ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ' ¡Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š «Ã¤ º º AmericanItaria-jin ã‚ ¤Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¢Ã¤ º º ItalianOranda-jin ã‚ ªÃ£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'ۊ º º DutchKanada-jin ã‚ «Ã£Æ'ŠãÆ'ۊ º º- CanadianSupein-jin ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã¤ º º SpanishDoitsu-jin ãÆ'‰ã‚ ¤Ã£Æ'„ä º º GermanyFuransu-jin ãÆ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã¤ º º French

Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto

CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ... Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto Free Essays on Managing Product Safety - The Ford Pinto CASE: Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts In 1960 Ford Motors produced the first American compact car, the Ford Falcon. In 1964 the Ford Mustang followed, gaining wide favor as a sports car â€Å"for the masses.† Ford executives believed that foreign imports posed a threat to its position in the small car market, and it did not have a sub-compact model to compete with the foreign models. In 1967, Lee Iacocca became president of Ford Motors and directed development of the Ford Pinto, which was released in 1970. The Pinto rapidly gained acceptance and after 6 years over 2 million units had been sold, a company best-seller. The design and planning process for the Pinto was fast-tracked, with an ultimate development time of 38 months exceeding the average time of 43 months. The decision was made to install the gas tank as a strap-on unit under the rear floor pan and behind the rear axle. Late in the design process, however, an engineering study had determined that the safest place for a fuel tank was directly above the rear axle. However, such as design would require a circuitous filler pipe likely to be dislodged in an accident as well as raise the center of gravity thus affecting handling, causing an overall decrease in safety in the opinion of senior engineers. Additionally, such a location would interfere with future options such as a wagon or hatchback, as well as decrease storage space. In 1969, the NHTSA proposed its first rear-end collision fuel system integrity standard, Standard 301, which required less than one ounce of fuel leak per minute after a 20 mph rear-end collision with a moving barrier of 4000 pounds. Ford tested prototype models of the Pinto under this standard, made modifications as necessary and began production of the Pinto. However, in 1970, the NHTSA proposed a 20 mph fixed barrier standard to be met by all vehicle within 18 months, as well as noting that a 30 ...

Mean, Median, and Mode - Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, and Mode - Measures of Central Tendency Measures of central tendency are numbers that describe what is average or typical within a distribution of data. There are three main measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode. While they are all measures of central tendency, each is calculated differently and measures something different from the others. The Mean The mean is the most common measure of central tendency used by researchers and people in all kinds of professions. It is the measure of central tendency that is also referred to as the average. A researcher can use the mean to describe the data distribution of  variables measured as intervals or ratios. These are variables that include numerically corresponding categories or ranges (like race, class, gender, or level of education), as well as variables measured numerically from a scale that begins with zero (like household income or the number of children within a family). A mean is very easy to calculate. One simply has to add all the data values or scores and then divide this sum by the total number of scores in the distribution of data. For example, if five families have 0, 2, 2, 3, and 5 children respectively, the mean number of children is (0 2 2 3 5)/5 12/5 2.4. This means that the five households have an average of 2.4 children. The Median The median is the value at the middle of a distribution of data when those data are organized from the lowest to the highest value. This measure of central tendency can be calculated for variables that are measured with ordinal, interval or ratio scales. Calculating the median is also rather simple.  Let’s suppose we have the following list of numbers: 5, 7, 10, 43, 2, 69, 31, 6, 22. First, we must arrange the numbers in order from lowest to highest. The result is this: 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 22, 31, 43, 69. The median is 10 because it is the exact middle number. There are four numbers below 10 and four numbers above 10. If your data distribution has an even number of cases which means that there is no exact middle, you simply adjust the data range slightly in order to calculate the median. For example,  if we add the number 87 to the end of our list of numbers above, we have 10 total numbers in our distribution, so there is no single middle number. In this case, one takes the average of the scores for the two middle numbers. In our new list, the two middle numbers are 10 and 22. So, we take the average of those two numbers: (10 22) /2 16. Our median is now 16. The Mode The mode is the measure of central tendency that identifies the category or score that occurs the most frequently within the distribution of data.  In other words, it is the most common score or the score that appears the highest number of times in a distribution. The mode can be calculated for any type of data, including those measured as nominal variables, or by name. For example, let’s say we are looking at pets owned by 100 families and the distribution looks like this: Animal  Ã‚  Ã‚  Number of families that own it Dog:  60Cat:  35Fish: 17Hamster: 13Snake:  3 The mode here is dog since more families own a dog than any other animal. Note that the mode is always expressed as the category or score, not the frequency of that score. For instance, in the above example, the mode is dog, not 60, which is the number of times dog appears. Some distributions do not have a mode at all. This happens when  each category has the same frequency. Other distributions might have more than one mode. For example, when a distribution has two scores or categories with the same highest frequency, it is often referred to as bimodal.

Public vs. Private school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public vs. Private school - Essay Example Moving further ahead, one should believe that the private schools are faring better than the public schools because the private entities work to provide benefits to a select mix of students and thus the community premise is pretty apparent within the same. The public and private schools are different in their manifestations and this is the most basic reason why the public and private schools are seen with a sense of skepticism when the talk goes out loud regarding their combination at certain places (Fabry, 2001). What needs to be understood here is the fact hat both public and private schools will have to play a larger role than just getting combined for no solid reason. It is a fact that the combination might not bring the value that is expected out of their entireties but what it shall do is to form a core syllabus or curriculum for them, which will in return mean that both the public and private school mechanisms have a sense of uniformity within their aegis. The need is to prope rly combine the two so that the alignment factor does not seem to be a missing one, because this is important at the end of the day. The reason why private schools seem to work better for the students and the entire community in meticulous is because the private schools are geared to look after the selected few and does not take into consideration just about any segment of the society, which wants to attain education (Wang, 2001). Also the private schools are very much inclined towards quality which seems to be a problem for the public school enterprises – focusing more on quantity than the other way around. The private schools look after the needs and requirements of the students in a proactive way. What this means is the fact that the private schools are focusing on the quality tangent and are relying on how the students will advance into their professional domains over a period of time. Since the private schools do not require governmental funding, it becomes easier for th ese schools to bring about their thoughts into serious actions (Burke, 2003). This is not the case with the public schools where even the smallest of actions and steps take maximum amount of time. The public schools therefore lose out on a number of contexts when it comes to understanding their nuances in light of the private schools, and more specifically in the time and age of today. The argument for the sake pf the private schools seem to be a winning one because the private schools look to hire the best faculties, train teachers whilst they are on the job and give infrastructure and support to the students which seem unheard of when one compares the same with the public schools. However many public schools do seem to come up with different grants and scholarships for their students, the fact of the matter is that nepotism and like-mindedness seem to rule the roost there. These are some of the most depressing scenarios and situations that one can easily witness within the folds o f the public schools (Smith, 1949). The argument gains weight when one comes to the reckoning that the quality education does come with a price on its head. This means that the private

Safe Sex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safe Sex - Essay Example It is very important to indulge in safe sex and one common way by which people can indulge in safe sex is by the use of condoms. The best way that most people omit is the avoidance of anal and oral sex. One must not forget that, in fact anal sex is considered to be illegal. This doesn't mean vaginal sex is free from diseases. However a condom provides safety to a great extent and to be extra protected, two condoms at one time would surely keep one tension free. Another way is by the use of contraceptive pills and in cases of emergency, when one has forgotten to take precaution, an emergency pill can be taken. However, contraceptives and emergency pills can only protect against pregnancy and not against STD's. STD's can be transmitted by any of the three ways, oral, anal or vaginal sex. Hence it is extremely vital to use a condom. Most of the Sexually transmitted diseases are non curable and some of them can have dangerous consequences on health. The worst part about having being affected by and kind of STD is that the person is not even aware that he is suffering or has been infected with a disease. This is because sexually transmitted diseases barely have any symptoms that show. Another problem with unsafe sex is that many women use contraceptive pills or birth control pills in the fear of getting pregnant.

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International finance - Essay Example By actually knowing the exchange rate of the other currency (one year from the base year), banks and individuals earn an effective interest rate rather than the simple interest rate that would have been earned if the funds are left deposited in the bank. Using the theory of purchasing power parity, explain how inflation impacts exchange rates. Based on the theory of purchasing power parity, what can we infer about the difference in inflation between Ireland and the USA during the year your lottery winnings were invested? First, in order to explain how inflation impact exchange rates, it is necessary to define purchasing power parity. The Dictionary of Economics defines purchasing power parity as â€Å"a theory which states that the exchange rate between one currency and another is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that rate of exchange are equivalent†. Since after one year, the rate of exchange became US$1 = Euro 1.30, there was a 4 per cent inflation in Ireland which caused a devaluation in their exchange rate. The inflation rate was computed as follows: (1.30 – 1.20)/1.20. While there was no mention of any change in exchange rate in the US, it can be inferred that there was no inflation increase. Therefore, the value of its currency remained the

Disaster Recovery Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Disaster Recovery Planning - Essay Example The changing situation of the world and the realities which we live in a post 9/11 world has made sure that essential services such as police and hospitals continue to function in situations where the disaster is created rather than imposed. While the organization has plans on how to deal with storms, weather disasters and other calamities, the focus of the body is more on providing assistance to others rather than understanding how it can continue to function even if the building becomes inaccessible. However, it seems that the people at the organization understand that a continuity plan is simply essential for handling situations when our greatest fears are turned into reality. For these situations we have a continuity plan which comes into play when internal or external factors make it necessary for us to resort to emergency actions in order to continue providing services. In our case, the level of the threat and the level of the disaster will engage our continuity plan to the level required. For example, if our database integrity is damaged or information security is compromised we can use backups which are stored on location or restore from an earlier point in the week from our offsite data backup location. This process is in line with the suggestions made by Britt (2005) who recommends a modular stepwise plan for disaster recovery as being the most effective. That is how our continuity plan functions once an assessment about the disaster has been made.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Case Study Example As a teacher, I can engage the students in the session twice in two consecutive days. The session involves students in handling bean bags with their hands and throwing them to their partners. They, therefore, end up taking part in a movement pattern of throwing and catching. The session has instructional strategies where the teacher takes a bean bag and demonstrates the movement with one of the students. He or she remains stationary and does an overhand throw of the bean bag to the travelling student. The student also uses an overhand movement pattern to throw the bean bag back to the teacher but with increased accuracy. All students in the physical education engage in the activity in pairs and do what they are instructed by the teacher. The two partners engage in a two-handed catch of a thrown bean bag and reciprocate with one remaining stationary while the other travels and vice versa. The physical exercise of throwing and catching a bean bag improves the developmental needs of students involved in the 45-minute session. It increases their attention span and interest in the physical exercise. In addition, a student is able to mingle with another colleague from outside his or her group of friends and experience fun together. The overhand throws movement pattern also increases the manipulative and motor skills of the students. This develops their muscles and other body

The purpose and the nature of creative writing Essay

The purpose and the nature of creative writing - Essay Example It also requires critical and analytic style of writing, and the student's ability to express his or her independent opinion. When dealing with students between 14 and 19 years of age, the issues required to be kept in mind are the maturity level of the students, their stage of life when emotions tend to be volatile (REFERENCE You could talk about storm and stress - G Stanley Hall from the books - Adolescence (1904) and Aspects of Child Life and Education (1921).) , the need for the teacher to enjoy the respect and confidence of the students, and last, but not the least, for the teacher to be highly disciplined and expect discipline from the students. Adolescence is a difficult period to expect a rule-of-the-thumb discipline. This is a nascent and natural period of a young person's life when he or she is on the threshold of manhood or womanhood. The physical and psychological metamorphosis differs in each young adult, and it is not possible to expect a uniform pattern of grown process. One young person may not show any sign of change and move to attain the full state of manhood or womanhood in quietness and confidence. ... Essay Writing Essay writing is an exposition on a topic. It is a special discipline to introduce the student to serious writing. What is needed is an outline, information related to the topic, sound vocabulary and grammar to communicate the information, and the ability to round off the essay with a conclusion. To begin, allow the students to write an essay on "How to write an essay," after having given them all the information necessary on the topic. Do not expect miracles. None of the student is going to complete the essay to the teacher's satisfaction. If he or she has, in all probability, the essay has been copied! Getting students to put together the essay with the help of sentences and paragraphs invariably leads to information gathering, practice, discipline, and time consciousness. It also involves bouts of frustration and desperate measures in the form of cancellations and tearing of pages. These are normal. Learning models The best way to begin is to teach the fundamentals followed by some more time of questions and answers to make sure the students have got a good grasp of how to write an essay. Students with good potential normally perform well after the first few practice sessions. However, the skill levels of the average students tend to vary, sometimes widely. (John Shaw, 16.1.2008) DATE). A student may be brilliant in science and mathematics. However, literature and language may be his Achilles heel. This kind of problem is addressed by analyzing and dealing with the student's level of "emotional intelligence." Make a little probe into their personality and check for "cobwebs" or negative feelings. (Teaching Expertise16.1.20080 ). This paragraph is very good (THANK YOU!) Learning models for 14-19 year olds The best way to get good

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Case Study Example As a teacher, I can engage the students in the session twice in two consecutive days. The session involves students in handling bean bags with their hands and throwing them to their partners. They, therefore, end up taking part in a movement pattern of throwing and catching. The session has instructional strategies where the teacher takes a bean bag and demonstrates the movement with one of the students. He or she remains stationary and does an overhand throw of the bean bag to the travelling student. The student also uses an overhand movement pattern to throw the bean bag back to the teacher but with increased accuracy. All students in the physical education engage in the activity in pairs and do what they are instructed by the teacher. The two partners engage in a two-handed catch of a thrown bean bag and reciprocate with one remaining stationary while the other travels and vice versa. The physical exercise of throwing and catching a bean bag improves the developmental needs of students involved in the 45-minute session. It increases their attention span and interest in the physical exercise. In addition, a student is able to mingle with another colleague from outside his or her group of friends and experience fun together. The overhand throws movement pattern also increases the manipulative and motor skills of the students. This develops their muscles and other body

International Business Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business Strategy - Assignment Example International business operators have adopted a new form of business that entails standardization of the product with the intention of offering and bringing together product and service development and processing. In this aspect, multinationals have tried to make one corporation with branches and operations across the world. The thinking, in this case, is influenced by the precise customer needs and the cultural and geographical factors that impact on the purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is possible to have an international company, say a restaurant, offering entirely different types of goods and services in different parts of the world. This depends on the people living in a certain global locality. Nevertheless, the company’s logo and brand name continue to unite its global customers.   Another thinking of the international business that has evolved is the arbitrage thinking. This involves the exploitation of the differences that arise between regional and national marke ts. Business operators are now required to be more vigilant in the location of important parts of the supply chain in different regions. For instance, Europeans, mainly value opening many retail shops while Indians value the initiation of call centers to monitor employees and customers and create a better channel of communication.Another strategic thinking, that has characterized and shaped international business, is the competitive rivalry between different producers and suppliers in the international markets.

Change Management, its Factors and Effects, in Tesco PLC

Change Management, its Factors and Effects, in Tesco PLC TESCO started its business and opened its first shop in the year 1919 by Mr Jack Cohen. He sold surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The brand TESCO came after 5 years in the year 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr. T. E Stockwell and initial letters of the name were combined to name TESCO and in the year 1929 store was op #ened in Burnt Oak, North London by Mr. Cohen. In 1930 Mr. Cohen built a headquaters and warehouse in north London and in 1932 privatization was done and Tesco became private ltd company and the company was listed in the stock market in the year 1974. In the year 1950 need of expansion was demanded and as a result numbers of stores were bought by retailer. (70 Williams stores and 200 Harrow stores, followed by 97 Charles Philips stores) and finally in the year 1968 the first superstore was opened in west Sussex. moving further Tesco diversified and jumped to petrol retailing sector in 1974.to overtake the rivals Tesco adopted the change in the strategy and launched the club card in 1995 following which in 1996 Tesco announced 24 hours facility to its customers. Retailer launched tesco.com in 2000 to expand further with which it included various products like electronics, clothes and entered in broadband market etc .as a major announcement Tesco plans to open a stores in USA under the name Fresh and Easy. Need for a change at Tesco Tesco has adopted many changes in its business since the time it has started.tesco has been changing its strategies as and when time passes for the following reasons. (I)To win competitive advantage: Tesco always wanted to create more value from resources over other companies like Sainsbury which led tesco to come up with new stores in different places. (ii)Core competences: Core competences are means the businesses must have something that customers uniquely value if companies wants to earn healthy profits. For instance tesco provides club card facility to its customer to retain the customers. (iii)Need for capturing Market: Tesco wanted to capture the whole retail market which encouraged the company to come up with aggressive strategies and occupy the number of places of UK markets. (iv)To create efficiency, swiftness, and innovation: For creating efficiency tesco provides a online shopping facility along with that it has made all the stores 24 hours available. Facrors Driving change in the Tesco: There are two types of factors which force any organization to adopt the change for the betterment of the organization. External factors and Internal factors. External Factors: conservative spends, Following are the external factors using PESTEL analysis: Political Factors: Tescos performance is very much controlled by political situations of the countries .traditional stores are forced to cut the cost where as big stores often provides job opportunities and government encourages retailers to create job opportunities hence opening new stores is because of the political impact also. Economical Factors: Economic factors have direct relation with profits which is one of the most important factor leading changes in an organisation.the high rate of unemployment increases chances of reduced demand for goods so tesco is creating employment with the help new stores. Social Factors: remove Customers demands towards mass shopping have led tesco to provide non food items also like clothes, elctronics,mobiles etc providing customers the convenient shopping. Technological Factors: Technology is a biggest factor driving all the companies to adopt the change because of new inventions of it.customer base will increase if they are satisfied and they get attracted. To do the same tesco has adopted self check out system, electronic shelf labelling etc. Environmental Factors Less consumption of resources, less wastage of production and least environmental damage are the issues leading tesco to change accordingly. Legal factors: Government policies affect the Tesco organisation for instance licensing, monopoly policy, pricing policy. Internal Factors: Expansion of the business: Expansion of the business brings the opportunities for the product development and companies growth. Earning Profits: The major motive for any organisation is to make profit which leads tesco also for the expansion and diversification of the business. Cut throat Competition: Tesco has many Competitors like ASDA and Sainsbury. To survive in this cut throat competition is very necessary to come up with new ideas and technology. Resource Implication of the organisation not responding to change: There are various resources which can be resistant against the change and cause the failure to the change project. Following are the resources: People: The main part of the change is people who are going to execute the change and they can not change overnight. people who are rigid and resistant towards the change .if they dont respond and not agreed to accept the change change procedure will lead to failure. Money : one of the other most important resources is Money which has a power to make the change successful by providing all other resources available.for instance with the help of existing money resource tesco is going to open new Fresh and Easy stores in usa without which it was not possible. Material: Proper material like all the previous details, audit report, company data and market requirments are very important absence of the same brings the failure of the change for instance in the case of tesco absence of the proper market analysis would have not brought tesco to capure the UK market. Stakeholders: Stakeholders are the very important parts of the change.suppliers are the internal stakeholders. The demand of the suppliers for cutting down in prices of food in tesco are major concern for adopting new changes. Climate: (season) Climate is a resource which is unexpected which sometimes causes a failure to change adopted by an organisation. Q: D) Models of change ADKAR Individual model of change: In an organisation whenever any change takes place it is not organisation which changes but the individuals of the organisation.ADKAR model helps manager to find out the behaviour of the individual and find out: People resistance to change, Help employess to move ahead with the change process To provide a plan for a personal and professional progress for individuals. To understand the ADKAR model we will look at the diagram below which says whenver in an organisation change takes place that is two ways one is from the business aspect and from the people side. Change takes place only when both the side change is applied successfully. Business change: Business change needs knowing the opportunities Scope and objectives of the business and project Knowledge of complete business process Proper change implementation People/Employee change: For the successful change manager should follow 5 key objectives based on ADKAR model. Awareness: of the need to change Desire: to participate and support the  change Knowledge: of how to change (and what the change looks like) Ability: to apply the change Reinforcement: to retain the change for the time period Lewins 3 stage Organisational Model of change http://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/lewins-3-stage-model The model speaks about the one organisational change. it says that organisation travel from one stagnant change to another. It has three steps for an organisation to come across (i) Unfreeze (ii) Change and (iii) Refreeze, as mentioned in above picture. (i)Unfreeze In this state an organisation has to make employees believe that change is going to be for the betterment. there are people who doesnt want to come out of their comfort zone and easily accept the change hence unfreeze is a stage where managers will have to create motivation to the employees to come out of the stagnant phase and unfreeze them to move towards the new change. (ii) Change It is a stage which creates many doubts for the organisation. Employees have knowledge of old system and adopting a new a new change will take some time to increase their efficiency. At this stage it is very important for the managers to provide motivation to its employees at the same time give proper training and moral support to build a confidence to accept the change. Refreeze The motive of this stage is to let people get comfortable to their working environment again to increase efficiency. Bruce Tuckmans model of Team change: Mr Bruce Tuckman came up with this model in the year 1965 with 4 stages and last 5th stage Adjourning was added by him later in the year 1970s. According to him as the team builds maturity and ability, the bonding of the team takes place.in this stage a leader directs, guide, participates and deligates finally.at this time team will produce a next capable leader. in this leader gives power to the team and reduces the control.the main aim is to achieve the high performance by changing leadership styles. Following are the 4 stages and activities of the leader Stages Activities Forming Direct team and set goals clearly. Discussing goals with team will be the helpful. Storming Establishment of structure, building good relationship in team, Giving moral support, being firm and positive. make people understand why conflicts happens by assertiveness. Norming Taking responsibility towards objectives, building feeling of togetherness in team. Performing Dividing/delegating the task so that can concentrate on other priorities. Adjournig If the team come to an end working together celebrating the success. Relevance of the models in the current economic climate: Currently looking at the UK economy-2010 the major issue faced by the country is Recession and Unemployment which goes hand in hand. Looking at these issues lets see the relevance of the following models with these two factors. Models of change Relevance with current economic climate ADKAR Model of individual change Awareness: government should know the factors driving recession and unemployment. Desire: desire to come over. Knowledge: Proper knowledge how to overcome the recession. Ability: Ability to apply solutions/change to remove the recession. Reinforcement: to retain the change or solutions taken to get rid of recession and unemployment. Lewins 3 stage Organisational Model of change In the 2nd step of the model we can find the relevance to current situation. Change: adopting a change for example government has announced cut backs because of which people that were enjoying the benefits are also now searching for job which is increasing the rate of employment. Bruce Tuckmans model of Team change In this we can find a relevance with the stage storming which talks about the activities like establishing structure which means government should set such a rule to avoid recession and unemployment like the economy of the some of the European countries (like irland and Romania) are not much developed and people of those economy are migrating here because of which unemployment rate increases. Value of STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS techniques in the change process: What is strategic intervention? Whenever there is change taking plan in an organisation there are resistant towards it. Strategic intervention techniques are made to solve the problem occurring during the change process. Following are the intervention techniques and their value: Role Playing: Role playing is a type of training which involves practical situation. it is method to prepare a team to perform on their own without the help of the their employers. Value: this technique is valuable because if the proper training is given and employees are able to work on their own then they will face less problem while adopting a change. Team Building: It is technique developing a maturity to work as a group and efficiency. The main reasons for this technique are to set objectives, to check how the work is performed in a group and to see the bonding between team members. Value: in the change process the one of the important things is team bonding as whenever change takes place in an organisation team has to perform together for the success. Survey Feedback: Proper feedback and survey reports are to be given to the employees regarding the change to let them involve in the change process Value: by getting the feedback organisation can know what employees feel about the change and what difficulties they face to help them which help the change process to success. Inter-Group Problem-Solving: Whenever there are conflicts in two different groups, for the settlement joint meetings are held in which members are allowed to present their views and the outcome of the meeting should be the result that holds them together. Value: all the teams work towards the one goal i.e. change process, if they are having the differences then the goals vision will be blurred. So this technique helps to improve the bonding which will improve the work efficiency. Management By Objective Approach: It encourages employees to involve in decision making process to make sure the system works smoothly. Value: technique to involve employees will earn the interest of them and will lead to successful change. Q:g) development of Change management strategy with stakeholders for tesco: Stakeholders are the group of people who have interest in company business. There are many types of stakeholders like government, employees, customers, suppliers, board memebres, funders, which are part of internal and external stakeholders. According to tesco understanding the needs and demands of the stakeholders is very important. there are various strategies to let stakeholders involve in the change process. i)Having beneficial discussion with shareholders to make sure that tesco looks after and understands the commitment towards stakeholders. ii)The preparation of investor relation report every year by the board members is a part of their strategy stating the feedback of the stakeholders ,which involves them to towards the change. iii)They make sure that each and every stakeholder should get the full annual report at the end of the year apart from publishing in news papers. Systems to Involve stakeholders: There are many systems available to involve potential stakeholders in the planning of the change. Stakeholders mapping Stakeholders matrix Stakeholders engagement Stakeholders identification Stakeholders mapping: Stakeholders mapping is one the systems to involve stakeholders in the business .in stakeholders mapping has two axis. One speaks about the interest of the each stakeholder and other speaks about the power on stakeholders. th the th Stakeholder Mapping and Communication There are basically 4 categories in based on their power and interest, low interest/low power high interest/low power low interest/high power high interest/high power The company needs very less attention on this group. The stakeholders create no danger because of any interest and power. This group has a high interest but very less power and they are maintained by keeping them informed about company information. This group has high power because of which they must be taken care off and kept satisfied because their low interest can cause a trouble. They must be always satisfied because they have high power and high interest as well. Stakeholders matrix: This is one the common methods used to know about the stakeholder analysis. The object is to give clear understanding of the stakeholder and let the company know what the best way to involve them is. This system is used at early stage to develop the stakeholder plan.this sytem is used for developing a action plan. Stakeholder identification: In this company needs to find out its potential stakeholders company needs to do all the documentation regarding their interest, involvement, their power, and strategies taken by the company. There are three steps Step i) identify the potential customer and related date to them Step ii) identify the each stakeholders power and interest Step iii) assess the stakeholders response. Stakeholder engagement (On TESCO): Stakeholders are the people who have direct relation with our business and can affected easily, but at the same time they have impact on business as well. This is a reason why organisation needs to involve stakeholders and know their views. basically it is all about maintaining relationship with the help of regular communication from both the sides.Stakeholders engagement system has become a commonly used practice in business. According to tesco stakeholder engegement helps them to know the risk and opportunities. Following are the methods of doing the same: Meetings/Discussing issues Websites Questionnaires Events Being strategic about stakeholder engagement Tesco believes in solving issues by discussing it with stakeholders.for instance for year 2009-2010 meeting was held in the month of February to discuss the issues concerning about the board plans, control and business development by the chairman. Websites are made to keep in touch with stakeholders and engage them and to keep them aware of new updates abot the company along with the annual reports. tesco has it site in which they have all the details for stakeholders(www.tescoplc.com) . Investor relaton teams are hired to take care of stakeholders in tesco to be in touch with them on regular basis.because details on websites are limited and shareholders can ask any questions via emails. For stakholders tesco keeps events for them to be interactive and to engage them. Stakeholders engagement is not process to be built in weeks. Company need to do it right from beginning and thats what tesco has been doing right from beginning. Q: I) Development and implementation of model of change on tesco: Whenever company need to progress can adopt a change whether small or big .in organisation usually they know about the change but dont know how to actually apply it. For which there are many models stating how to apply change. Following are the models which tesco can apply to build a self check out machines. Kotters 8-Step Change Model Following are the 8 steps to lead towards the change: Step i) create urgency: Talking about urgency of adopting a change will help organisation to move further towards change. Because only showing balance sheet company can not convince others to adopt the change. How to do? a)Tesco will have to analyse its potential risksand will have to prove the senario that in absence of self check machines can cause lot of queue in the shop and will cause delay in time. b)Tesco will have to show the benefits that customer can take from self check out machines. Step ii) Form a Powerful association: Whenever company needs to go through a change it has to supporters for the change having leaderships qualities to convince that change is for good. What is to be done? Tesco should identify true leaders in an organisation Make commitment Work on team building Tesco will have to make sure that it has good mixture of people that will help at different levels. Step iii) Create a Vision for Change Tesco should have a clear vision about the change and should be able to show others that vision What to do: Tesco will have to set the important value change. Make a short one or two sentence vision statement like tesco has a vision statement that is every little helps Make a plan to implement that vision. Step iv): Communicate the Vision The vision statement is what you do and you have strong competition in the market.so tesco will have to make sure that it communicate in such a manner that will be able survive in that competition. What to do: Tesco should keep talking about its vision. Tesco should clearly deal with peoples apprehension and worry. Tesco should Appl all its vision to all aspects of operations from training to performance reviews. Step v): Remove Obstacles: After following the above steps and if change process had taken place then tesco needs to look at the resistant of the change if yes then tesco will have to remove it by doing so change process will move further. What to do: Tesco should hire, change leaders to deliver the change. By looking at the structure of the organisation tesco will have to decide upon Tesco should encourage people by giving reward to people for supporting change. At the same time tesco should know people who are resisting the change, and try to convert them into supporters. Tesco should act quickly against obstacles. Step vi): Create Short-term Wins To encourage change tesco should create small competition to motivate employees towards adopting the change. By creating short term goals tesco can earn more supporters for the new change. What to do: Tesco should Look for sure-change that can be implemented without help from any strong critics of the change. Tesco should not expensive targets. Tesco needs to see properly the potential pros and cons of its achievements. Give deserving awards to those who achieve targets. Step vii): Build on the Change: Tesco should not declare the change too early.rea l change goes in deep. What to do Tesco should analyse after every win, that what went right and what needs improving. Tesco should learn to the idea of continuous development. Tesco need to keep changing the the change agents timely to change association Step viii): Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture: Tesco needs to make sure that change should be visible in each and every aspect which will help the change to occupy a strong place in an organisation. What to do: Tesco need to talk about the success stories as and when get the chance. Tesco should embrace the change principles and morals when hiring and training new staff. Measures to monitor progress of the change process: There are various ways adopted by the companies to measure the performance and the progress of the change adopted.there is many tools like performance indicator, feedback control system, marketing mix etc to know about the peformance of the company.tesco has not adopted particular method to measure the progress.following are the ways tesco should adopted: Feedback: Tesco should take timely and duely feedback by the customers who are using self check out machine.feedback form should clearly be able to specify the questions about the weakness and usefulness of the self check out machine. Feedback form should be easy to understand and must be written in easily understandable language by the customers.the most important point is feedback form should be able to answer the % of customer satisfaction. Surveys: Tesco should conduct surveys regarding by the general public asking what do think about self check machine. For people with a proper communication must be hired to be able to ask questions from public. Website : Tesco should operate one website having online feedback asking close ended question regarding the perfomance of the machine and improvements to be made. Performance indicator tool: Tesco should use the performance indicator tool for the measurment of progress.it will tell the tesco about the improvements made and what are the results of the same.performance indicator cover cover the following other indicators : Quantitative indicators based on numbers achieved. Practical indicators based on current companys process. Directional indicators based on data specifying the companys performance whether getting better or not. Actionable indicators are taken to control which will affect the change. Financial indicators used in perfomance measurment.