Groups vs Individuals Essay

‘Individuals will finish an errand more productively and successfully than a gathering. What's more, preparing in bunch elements, while intriguing, has no handy incentive as a methods for expanding the standard of gathering performance’ (Mullins, 2007, p296). Article This exposition will look at the principle contrasts between crafted by people and crafted by a gathering. The impression of the writer of the exposition title essentially expresses that there are a larger number of advantages than downsides in the individual work when contrasting with the gathering fill in just as that a given assignment can be finished all the more productively and successfully by a person. The other piece of the title talks about that there is no expansion in bunch execution despite the fact that preparation in bunch is all the more intriguing and engaging. So as to analyze these two explanations it is fundamental to consider each impact that may affect crafted by the two people and gatherings. What regularly rings a bell while examining the focal points and drawbacks of working in a gathering is that the more individuals you have the more thoughts you have and that the more individuals you have the quicker the given undertaking is finished. This exposition will uncover that it isn't as basic the same number of us may think and that there are numerous mind boggling components of people’s conduct that may have both constructive and pessimistic impact on the last undertaking outcome. In what follows, we’ll view these components and give reasons for what reason should crafted by individual be more powerful than bunch work or why not. In this piece of the paper we will examine how different individual contrasts influence singular conduct in the work environment. People in the association investigate five points which are character, recognition, learning and inspiration at work. All these five mental viewpoints are firmly identified with one another and they help us to comprehend conduct when all is said in done just as specifically yet additionally to break down the exhibition of work and the nature of working life. We have decided to concentrate on one of these five subjects †Personality. Right off the bat, it is required to appreciate what really character is. In spite of the reality, (Bratton, 2007) that any all inclusive meaning of character has not been acknowledged at this point, we characterize character as a moderately safe perspective, feeling and acting which portrays a person’s reaction to their condition. In any case, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) there are a few properties, which limit our meaning of character, that are both steady and particular, contingent upon various circumstances and after some time. On account of strength, we are not inspired by properties that are infrequent and transient. For instance, changes in person’s conduct brought about by the utilization of medications or brought about by an ailment are not considered as character attributes, except if they become lasting. Be that as it may, there is one significant issue and that is the way that characters have all the earmarks of being adaptable. For instance, a chief who seems, by all accounts, to be extremely noisy and aloof in the workplace could be a mindful and strong parent in family life. On account of uniqueness, we should realize that character hypothesis is identified with properties that are one of a kind to the individual and not to those that all or most others share. For instance, a man might be forceful towards cab drivers, agreeable with servers, uproarious at shows and frightened of arachnids. Be that as it may, indeed he may impart a portion of these attitudes to a companion who breeds creepy crawlies. We likewise should realize that, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) the hypothesis of character depends on two principle recommendations. One of them is that conduct doesn't change as often as possible despite the fact that is has both steady and unmistakable highlights. The other one is that it must be acknowledged they just route how to analyze the particular properties is by contrasting them with the properties of others. One of the numerous hypotheses of character is Eysenck’s three-factor model of character. Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), a notable British therapist conceived in Berlin, Germany, utilized factor investigation to begin his hypothesis of character. His hypothesis announces, (Bratton, 2007) that an ordinary character can be comprehended as far as three fundamental components : inner-directedness ( a character measurement that describes individuals who are regional and lone ) †extroversion ( a character measurement that portrays individuals who are cordial, amiable and garrulous ), soundness †shakiness and discretion †psychoticism. Introspection is something contrary to extroversion, dependability is simply something contrary to insecurity and control is something contrary to psychoticism. Eysenck made a two dimensional model which he accepted caught the most significant parts of person’s character ( see Figure 1. 0 ). [pic] Figure 1. 0 brings up the impacts of different mixes of the three measurements and relates them to the four character types (Bratton, 2007) began by the Greek doctor Galen in the second century AD. The way that the two fundamental measurements cross at right edges ( as in they are free ) ought to be noted. Hence, when we recognize what level of extroversion character has it doesn't give us how sincerely stable the character is. The degree of person’s steadiness could be anyplace along the solidness measurement. The other thing which the chart uncovers is that different blends of the two essential fundamental measurements make various characters. For instance, as should be obvious, an outgoing insecure individual is tricky, anxious and forceful an outgoing stable individual is friendly, cordial and garrulous. Eysenck’s hypothesis places in our brain that the kind of character may vastly affect an individual finishing a given assignment. Along these lines, an organization should be cautious while recruiting new representatives. In any case, then again, recruiting a reasonable kind of character would bring an incredible viability and productivity into the company’s execution. In this piece of the exposition we will analyze a few issues that may happen in the work gathering. When talking about gatherings we should comprehend what really a gathering is. A gathering could be individuals hanging tight at a bus station for a transport, crowd in a theater, individuals shielding in a shop entryway from the downpour or individuals from a football crew. In any case, just one of the referenced gatherings can be viewed as a work gathering and that is the football crew. It is exceptionally critical to perceive a qualification between insignificant totals of people and mental gathering. Thusly, we should recognize what attributes a gathering must meet to get one. Right off the bat, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) it is a base enrollment of two individuals. No ‘official’ size has been acknowledged, and various creators depict bunches that run from two to thirty people. In any case, the more individuals a gathering includes the more relations inside the gathering there are. This reality may hugy affect the gathering execution though the greater the gathering is the better degree of correspondence is required and the more intricate it is to work the gathering viably and effectively. Besides, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) each and every individual from the gathering must have the option to speak with each other part. In the event of not meeting this measure there may be some intense issues in finishing a given errand. For instance, if there was a gathering of three individuals and one part would not speak with one of the other two individuals, the effectiveness of the gathering execution would be not really diminished. Thirdly, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) individuals must have a common feeling of aggregate personality. Every part should be related with different individuals, not consider him to be herself as an individual working freely and simultaneously all individuals must trust themselves so as to particular the gathering from different gatherings. Neglecting to meet this rule may cause a negative effect on finishing an undertaking. For instance, on the off chance that one gathering part don't have confidence in a portion of the other part it may cause a pressure between the individuals or it may make the doubting part work autonomously and again decline the productivity of the gathering execution. Fourthly, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) individuals must have integral objectives. Every individual from a gathering may have various objectives which can be accomplished uniquely by enrollment of and investment in the gathering. Fifthly, (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004) a gathering must have a structure. Each individual from the gathering will have an alternate job, for instance initiator, proposal supplier, compromiser and so on. These jobs will in general become fixed and show what individuals anticipate from one another. This measure can be met distinctly by observing certain standards or rules. We accept this is the most delicate piece of work gatherings. A few people accept that rules are made to be broken and tend not to tail them. This can just as different standards vastly affect the gathering execution. This piece of the exposition will be identified with the explanation that preparation in bunch elements, while fascinating, has no handy incentive as a methods for expanding the standard of gathering execution. As a matter of first importance, we should pick up information on the term bunch elements. Gathering elements (Bratton, 2007) is the investigation of human conduct in gatherings. The idea of gatherings, bunch advancement and the interrelations among people and gathering, different gatherings and different components of formal associations are remembered for this investigation. We have four central point (Bratton, 2007) that impact bunch elements, yet know that these components doesn't endeavor to make a hypothesis of gathering elements, nor these elements can be applied to each kind of gathering. These four components are bunch setting, bunch structure, bunch procedures and gathering results. We will have a more critical glance at the gathering structure. The gathering structure has

Oglethorpe, James Edward

Oglethorpe, James Edward Oglethorpe, James Edward o ´g?lthôrp [key], 1696â€"1785, English general and philanthropist, founder of the American colony of Georgia . He had some military experience before being elected (1722) to the House of Commons, where he held a seat for 32 years. As chairman of a parliamentary committee investigating penal conditions, Oglethorpe became interested in the plight of the debtor classes. The need for a buffer colony between South Carolina and the Spanish in Florida admirably fitted his proposal to establish an asylum for debtors. He and 19 associates were granted (June, 1732) a charter, to expire in 21 years, making them trustees of the colony of Georgia. Early in 1733, Oglethorpe, leading 116 carefully selected colonists, reached Charleston, S.C., and on Feb. 12, 1733, he founded Savannah. After establishing friendly relations with the Yamacraw, a branch of the Creek confederacy, who ceded their land for settlement, he set about perfecting the colony's defense against the Spanish, building forts and instituting a system of military training. On a visit to England (1734â€"35) Oglethorpe obtained new regulations banning rum and slavery in the colony, which aroused opposition. He returned to Georgia with John Wesley and Charles Wesley . England declared war on Spain in 1739, and Oglethorpe led an unsuccessful expedition against St. Augustine in 1740. However, near Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island, Oglethorpe defeated the Spanish in the battle of Bloody Marsh (June 9, 1742), thereby assuring Georgia's survival. A second unsuccessful assault on St. Augustine (1743) and the displeasure of some of the colonists with his rigid management led to his recall to England. The charges brought against him were dismissed, but he never returned to Georgia. In his later years he was an intimate of the literary circle gathered around Samuel Johnson . See Letters from General Oglethorpe, collected by the Georgia Historical Society (1873); biographies by L. F. Church (1932), A. A. Ettinger (1936, repr. 1968), and J. G. Vaeth (1968); P. Spalding, Oglethorpe in America (1984) and, with H. H. Jackson, Oglethorpe in Perspective (1989). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Focused History And Physical Of Pulmonary And Abdominal...

Focused History and Physical of Pulmonary and Abdominal Systems Performed on November 15, 2014 Informant/Biographic Data Patient presents for a focused assessment on the pulmonary and abdomen systems. He is presently 52 years old, and his date of birth is September 30, 1962. He is a white male, second generation American, who presents alone wearing bilateral hearing aids (receiver in the canal). The patient is in no acute distress, who seems reliable is calm and attentive. Speaking in his native language, English, he is cooperative, eager answer questions and follows commands without difficulty. The patient states that he does a lot of home maintenance and repairs on his single family dwelling and enjoys woodworking as a hobby. He shares that he enjoys bike riding for exercise one to three times per week. He works in a sedentary capacity as a senior information technology services, senior architect for 50 to 60 hours per week and claims to enjoy his current work situation. The patient states that he is a happily married man and father of three young adults: two girls, 19 and 20 years old and one boy 18 years old. The patient’s self-perception is the he is â€Å"healthy and happy†. Upon inquiry, he reports his spiritual belief is rooted in Christianity. He bases his choices in his faith but is â€Å"not one to go to church or wear it on his sleeve† (Dameron, C., 2005). He denies having or desiring a spiritual advisor at this time. He denies any spiritual needs at this time.Show MoreRelatedFocus assessment884 Words   |  4 Pages Focus Assessment The purpose of this paper is to document a focused history, physical exam, nursing diagnoses, and nursing process of a case study about a 22-year-old woman that reports as chief complaint : feeling â€Å"sick with the flu† for the past 8 days. 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Analysis Of Arthur Miller s Life - 1268 Words

Since the beginning of theatre, there have been numerous playwrights who have made their attempt at greatness. Most have failed, some have had minor success, and a slim few have succeeded. Arthur Miller was an inventive, determined playwright who made a lasting impression on theatre in the 20th century. He was a head-strong, willful individual who conquered obstacles when they presented themselves. Through a brief examination of Arthur Miller’s personal life, career as a playwright, and influence on theatre, it is clear to see that he was a very innovative and impactful individual whose effects can still be seen today. Arthur Miller’s life began on October 17, 1915 in Harlem, New York when he was born to Augusta and Isidore Miller (Arthur Miller; Arthur Miller Biography). He belonged to a middle-upper class family and enjoyed the benefits of this social class as a young boy. 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Night World Daughters of Darkness Chapter 5 Free Essays

Mark was still muttering as he rounded the backcorner of the house. What was he even doinghere? It wasn’t easy to get into the garden area fromoutside. He had to bushwhack through the overgrown rhododendron bushes and blackberry canesthat formedadense hedge all around it. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 5 or any similar topic only for you Order Now And evenwhen he emerged from a tunnel of leathery greenleaves, the scene in front of him didn’t immediatelyregister. His momentum kept him going for a fewsteps before his brain caught up. Hey, wait. There’sa girl here. A pretty girl. Anextremelypretty girl. He could seeher clearly by the back porch light. She had hiplength white-blond hair, the color that normally onlypreschoolers have, and it was as fine as a child’s hair,too, whipping around her like pale silk when shemoved. She was smallish. Little bones. Her hands and feet were delicate. She was wearing what looked like an oldfashioned nightshirt and dancing to what sounded like a rent-to-own commercial. There was a battereddock radio on the porch steps. There was also a black kitten that took one look at Mark and darted away into the shadows. â€Å"Baaad cred-it,nooo cred-it, dooon’t wor-ry,weee’ll take you†¦.† the radio warbled. The girl danced with her arms above her head-light as thistledown,Mark thought, staring in astonishment. Really, actu ally that light, and so what if it was a cliche As the commercial ended and a country western song began, she did a twirl and saw him. Shestopped, frozen, arms still above her head, wristscrossed. Her eyes got big and her mouth sagged open. She’s scared, Mark thought. Of me. The girl didn’t look graceful now; she was scrambling to seize the dock radio, fumbling with it, shaking it. Trying to find an Off switch, Mark realized. Her desperation was contagious. Before he thought, Mark dropped the pruning shears and swooped in to grab the radio from her. He twisted the top dial, cutting the song short. Then he stared at the girl, who stared backwith wide silvery-green eyes. They were both breath ing quickly, as if they’d just disarmed a bomb. â€Å"Hey, I hate country western, too,† Mark said aftera minute, shrugging. He’d never talked to a girl this way before. But then he’d never had a girl look scared of him before. And so scared-he imagined he could see her heartbeating in the pale blue veins beneath the translucent skin of her throat. Then, suddenly, she stopped looking terrified. Shebit her lip and chortled. Then, still grinning, she blinked and sniffed. â€Å"I forgot,† she said, dabbing at the corner of her eye. â€Å"You don’t have the same rules we do.† â€Å"Rules about country western music?† Mark hazarded. He liked her voice. It was ordinary, not celestial. It made her seem more human. â€Å"Rules about any music from outside,† she said. â€Å"And any TV, too.† Outside what? Mark thought. He said, â€Å"Uh, hi. I’m Mark Carter.† â€Å"I’m Jade Redfern.† â€Å"You’re one of Mrs. Burdock’s nieces.† â€Å"Yes. We just came last night. We’re going to livehere.† Mark snorted and muttered, â€Å"You have my condolences.† â€Å"Condolences? Why?† Jade cast a darting glance around the garden. â€Å"Because living in Briar Creek is just slightly moreexciting than living in a cemetery.† She gave him a long, fascinated look. â€Å"You’ve†¦ lived in a cemetery?† He gaveher along look. â€Å"Uh, actually, I just meant it’s boring here.† â€Å"Oh.† She thought, then smiled. â€Å"Well, it’s interesting to us,† she said. â€Å"It’s different from where we come from.† â€Å"And just wheredo you come from?† â€Å"An island. It’s sort of near †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She considered. â€Å"The state of Maine. â€Å"‘The state of Maine.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"Does this island have a name?† She stared at him with wide green eyes. â€Å"Well, I can’t tell youthat.† â€Å"Uh-okay.† Was, she making fun of him? Butthere was nothing like mockery or sly teasing in her face. She looked mysterious †¦ and innocent. Maybe she had some kind of mental problem. The kids at Dewitt High School would have a field day with that. They weren’t very tolerant of differences. â€Å"Look,† he said abruptly. â€Å"If there’s ever anything I can do for you-you know, if you ever get in trouble or something-then just tell me. Okay?† She tilted her head sideways. Her eyelashes actually cast shadows in the porch light, but her expression wasn’t coy. It was straightforward and assessing,and she was looking him over carefully, as if she needed to figure him out. She took her time doingit. Then she smiled, making little dimples in her cheeks, and Mark’s heart jumped unexpectedly. â€Å"Okay,† she said softly. â€Å"Mark. You’re not silly, even though you’re a boy. You’re a good guy, aren’tyou?† â€Å"Well. . .†Mark had never been called upon to be a good guy, not in the TV sense. He wasn’t surehow he’d measure up if he were. â€Å"I, um, hope I 0am.† Jade was looking at him steadily. â€Å"You know, I just decided. I’m going to like it here.† She smiledagain, and Mark found it hard to breathe-and then her expression changed. Mark heard it, too. A wild crashing in the overgrown tangle of rhododendrons and blackberrybushes at the back of the garden. It was a weird,frenzied sound, but Jade’s reaction was out of all proportion. She had frozen, body tense andtrembling, eyes fixed on the underbrush. She looked terrified. â€Å"Hey.† Mark spoke gently, then touched hershoulder. â€Å"Hey. It’s all right. It’s probably one of the goats that got loose; goats can jump over any kind of fence.† She was shaking her head. â€Å"Or a deer. When they’re relaxed they sound just like people walking.† â€Å"It’s not a deer,† she hissed. â€Å"They come down and eat people’s gardens a. night. You probably don’t have deer roaming aroundwhere you come from-â€Å" â€Å"I can’tsmellanything,† she said in a kind of whispered wail. â€Å"It’s that stupid pen. Everything smells like goat. â€Å" She couldn’t smell †¦ ? Mark did the only thinghe could think of in response to a statement like that. He put his arms around the girl. â€Å"Everything’s okay,† he said softly. He couldn’thelp but notice that she was cool and warm at the same time, supple, wonderfully alive underneath the nightshirt. â€Å"Why don’t I take you inside now? You’ll be safe there.† â€Å"Leggo,† Jade said ungratefully, squirming. â€Å"I mayhave to fight.† She wriggled out of his arms and faced the bushes again. â€Å"Stay behind me.† Okay, so sheis crazy. I don’t care. I think I love her. He stood beside her. â€Å"Look, I’ll fight, too. What doyou think it is? Bear, coyote †¦ ?†Ã¢â‚¬ My brother.† â€Å"Your . . .† Dismay pooled in Mark. She’d just stepped over the line of acceptable craziness. â€Å"Oh.† Another thrashing sound from the bushes. It was definitely something big, not a goat. Mark was just wondering vaguely if a Roosevelt elk could have wandered down the hundred or so miles from Waldo Lake, when a scream ripped through the air. A human scream-or, worse,almost human. As it died, there was a wail that was definitely inhumanit started out faint, and then suddenly sounded shrilland dose. Mark was stunned. When the drawn-out wail finally stopped, there was a sobbing, moaning sound, then silence. Mark got his breath and swore. â€Å"What in thewhat wasthat?† â€Å"Shh. Keep still.† Jade was in a half-crouch, eyes on the bushes. â€Å"Jade-Jade, listen. We’ve got to get inside.† Desperate, he looped an arm around her waist, trying to pick her up. She was light, but she flowed like water out of his arms. Like a cat that doesn’t want to bepetted. â€Å"Jade, whatever that thing is, we need agun. â€Å"I don’t.† She seemed tobe speaking through herteeth-anyway there was something odd about her diction. She had her back to him and he couldn’t see her face, but her hands were clawed. â€Å"Jade,†Mark said urgently. He was scared enoughto run, but he couldn’t leave her. He couldn’t. No good guy would do that. Too late. The blackberry bushes to the south quivered. Parted. Something was coming through. Mark’s heart seemed to freeze solid, but then he found himself moving. Pushing Jade roughly aside. Standing in front of her to face whatever the thing in the dark was. Mary-Lynnette kicked her way through the blackberry canes. Her arms and legs were scratched, and she could feel ripe, bright-black berries squishing against her. She’d probably picked a bad place to get through the hedge, but she hadn’t been thinking about that. She’d been thinking about Mark, aboutfinding him as fast as possible and getting away from here. 0Just please let him be here, she thought. Let him be here and be okay and I’ll never ask for anything else. She struggled through the last of the canes into thebackyard-and then things happened very fast. The first thing she saw was Mark, and she felt a rush of relief. Then a flash of surprise. Mark was standing in front of a girl, his arms lifted like a basketball guard. As if to protect her from Mary-Lynnette. And then, so quickly that Mary-Lynnette could barely follow the motion, the girl was rushing at her. And Mary-Lynnette was throwing her arms up and Mark was shouting, â€Å"No, that’s my sister!† The girl stopped a foot away from Mary-Lynnette.It was the little silvery-haired one, of course. This dose Mary-Lynnette couldsee that she had green eyes and skin so translucent it almost looked like quartz crystal. â€Å"Jade, it’s my sister,†.Mark said again, as if anxiousto get this established. â€Å"Her name’s Mary-Lynnette.She won’t hurt you. Mare, tell her you won’t hurther.† Hurt her? Mary-Lynnette didn’t know what he wastalking about, and didn’t want to. This girl was as weirdly beautiful as the others, and something abouther eyes-hey weren’t ordinary green, but almost silvery-made Mary-Lynnette’s skin rise ingoose pimples. â€Å"Hello,† Jade said. â€Å"Hello. Okay, Mark, c’mon. We’ve got to go. Like right now.† She expected him to agree immediately. He wasthe one who hadn’t wanted to come, and now herehe was with his most dreaded phobia, a girl. But instead he said, â€Å"Did you hear that yelling? Could you tell where it came from?† â€Å"What yelling? I was inside. Come on.† MaryLynnette took Mark’s arm, but since he was as strongas she was, it didn’t do any good. â€Å"Maybe I heardsomething. I wasn’t paying attention.† She’d been looking desperately around the Victorian living room,babbling out lies about how her family knew where she’d gone tonight and expected her back soon. How her father and stepmother were such good friends of Mrs. Burdock’s and how they were just waiting at home to hear about Mrs. B.’s nieces. She still wasn’t sure if that was why they’d let her go. But for somereason, Rowan had finally stood up, given MaryLynnette a grave, sweet smile, and opened the front door. â€Å"You know, I bet it was a wolverine,† Mark was saying to Jade excitedly. â€Å"A wolverine that came down from Willamette Forest.† Jade was frowning. â€Å"A wolverine?† She considered. â€Å"Yeah, I guess that could have been it. I’ve never heard one before.† She looked at MaryLynnette. â€Å"Is that what you think it was?† â€Å"Oh, sure,† Mary-Lynnette said at random. â€Å"Definitely a wolverine.† I should ask where her aunt is, she thought suddenly. It’s the perfect opportunity to catch her in a lie. I’ll ask and then she’llsay something-anything, but not that her aunt’sgone up north for a little vacation on the coast. And then I’ll know. She didn’t do it. She simply didn’t have the courage. She didn’t want to catch anyone in a lie anymore; she just wanted to get out. â€Å"Mark, please †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked at her and for the first time seemed tosee how upset she was. â€Å"Uh-okay,† he said. And to Jade: â€Å"Look, why don’t you go back inside now?You’ll be safe there. And maybe-maybe I could come over again sometime?† Mary-Lynnette was still tugging at him, and now, to her relief, he began to move. Mary-Lynnette headed for the blackberry bushes that she’d trampled coming in. â€Å"Why don’t you go through there? It’s like apath,† Jadesaid,pointing. Mark immediately swerved, taking Mary-Lynnette with him, and she saw a comfortable gap between two rhododendron bushes at the back of the garden. She would never have seen it unless she knew what to look for. As they reached the hedge, Mark turned to glance behind him. Mary-Lynnette turned, too. From here, Jade was just a dark silhouette againstthe porch light-but her hair, lit from behind, looked like a silver halo. It shimmered around her. MaryLynnette heard Mark draw in his breath. â€Å"You both come back sometime,† Jade said cordially. â€Å"Help us milk the goats like Aunt Opal said. She gave us very strict orders before she went on vacation.† Mary-Lynnette was dumbfounded. She turned back and reeled through the gap, her head spinning. When they got to the road she said, â€Å"Mark, what happened when you got into the garden?† Mark was looking preoccupied. â€Å"What do you mean what happened? Nothing happened.† â€Å"Did you look at the place that was dug up?† â€Å"No,† Mark said shortly. â€Å"Jade was in the gardenwhen I got there. I didn’t get a chance to look at anything.† â€Å"Mark †¦ was she there the whole time? Jade?Did she ever go in the house? Or did either of the other girls ever come out?† Mark grunted. â€Å"I don’t even know what the othergirls look like. The only one I saw was Jade, and she was there the whole time.† He looked at her darkly. â€Å"You’re not still on this Rear Windowthing, are you?† Mary-Lynnette didn’t answer. She was trying to gather her scattered thoughts. I don’t believe it. Butshe said it. Orders about the goats. Before her aunt went on vacation. But Rowan didn’t know about the goats before I told her. I’d swear she didn’t know. And I was so sure she was winging it with the vacation business†¦. Okay, maybe I was wrong. But that doesn’t mean Rowan was telling the truth. Maybe they didfigure the story out before tonight, and Rowan’s just a lousy actress. Or maybe †¦ 0 â€Å"Mark, this is going to sound crazy †¦ but Jade didn’t have, like, a cellular phone or anything, did she?† Mark stopped dead and gave Mary-Lynnette a long, slow look that said more dearly than wordswhat he thought of this. â€Å"Mary-Lynnette, what’swrongwith you?† â€Å"Rowan and Kestrel told me that Mrs. B. is on vacation. That she suddenly decidedto take a vacation just when they arrived in town.† â€Å"So? Jade said the same thing.† â€Å"Mark, Mrs. B. has lived there for ten years, and she’s nevertaken a vacation. Never. How could shetake one starting the same day her nieces come to live with her?† â€Å"Maybe because they can house-sit for her,† Mark said with devastating logic. It was exactly what Rowanhad said. MaryLynnette had a sudden feeling of paranoia, like someone who realizes that everyone around her is a pod person, all in on the conspiracy. She had been aboutto tell him about the goats, but now she didn’t want to. Oh, geta gripon yourself, girl. Even Mark is beinglogical The least you can do isthink about this rationally before you run to Sheriff Akers. The fact is, Mary-Lynnette told herself, brutally honest, that you panicked. You got afeelingaboutthose girls for some reason, and then you forgot logic completely. You didn’t get any kind of hard evidence. You ran away. She could hardly go to the sheriff and. say that shewas suspicious because Rowan had creepy feet. There’s no evidence at all. Nothing except †¦ She groaned inwardly. â€Å"It all comes down to what’s in the garden,† shesaid out loud. Mark, who had been walking beside her in frowning silence, now stopped. â€Å"What?† â€Å"It all comes back to that again,† Mary-Lynnettesaid, her eyes shut. â€Å"I should have just looked at thatdug-up place when I had the chance, even if Jadesaw me. It’s the only real evidence there is †¦so I’ve got to see what’s there.† Mark was shaking his head. â€Å"Now, look-â€Å" â€Å"I haveto go back. Not tonight. I’m dead tired. But tomorrow. Mark, I haveto check it out before I go to Sheriff Akers.† Mark exploded. â€Å"Before youwhat?†he shouted, loud enough to raise echoes. â€Å"What are you talking about, going to the sheriff?† Mary-Lynnette stared. She hadn’t realized how different Mark’s point of view was from hers. Why, she thought, why he’s †¦ -240 â€Å"You wanted to check out where Mrs. B. was-so we checked where Mrs. B. was,† Mark said. â€Å"They told us where. And yousawJade. I know she’s a little differentit’s like you said about Mrs. B.; she’s eccentric. But did she look like the kind of personwho could hurt somebody? Well, didshe?† Why, he’s in love with her, Mary-Lynnettethought. Or at least seriously in like. Mark likes a girl. Now she was reallyconfused. This could be so good for him-if only the girl weren’t crazy. Well, maybe even if the girl wascrazyif it wasn’t a homicidal craziness. Either way, Mary-Lynnette couldn’t call the police on Mark’s new girlfriend unless she had some evidence. I wonder if she likes him, too? she thought. They certainly seemed to be protecting each other when I walked in. â€Å"No, you’re right,† she said aloud, glad that she’d had practice lying tonight. â€Å"She doesn’t look like thekind of person who could hurt somebody. I’ll just let it drop.† With you. And tomorrow night when you thinkI’m starwatching, I’ll sneak over there. This time bringing my own shovel. And maybe a big stick to fend off wolverines. â€Å"Do you really think you heard a wolverine over there?† she asked, to change the subject. â€Å"Um †¦maybe.† Mark was slowly losing his scowl. â€Å"It was somethingweird. Something I’ve never heard before. So you’re going to forget all this crazy stuff about Mrs. B., right?† â€Å"Yeah, I am.† I’ll be safe, mary-Lynnette was thinking. This time I won’t panic, and I’ll make sure they don’t see me. Besides, if they were going to kill me, they would have done it tonight, wouldn’t they? â€Å"Maybe it was Sasquatch we heard yelling,† Marksaid. How to cite Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 5, Essay examples

This part of the play is very tense and emotional Essay Example For Students

This part of the play is very tense and emotional Essay This part of the play is very tense and emotional. It is crucial to the order of the play. It tells us a lot about the writer and the characters in the play. The actors should be sharp and alert. The acting should be quick and responsive, because if the mood of the play is not relayed properly it will look stupid. The intension of the director is to tell the audience of the nurse being two faced to Juliet by telling her Romeo is best for her one minute and then telling her that Paris is best for her the next. Also to show that the parents dont care what Juliet thinks of her future husband just as long as they approve of him. It is meant to portray the mother as being out of touch with her daughter and a bit clueless, also to signify the dramatic irony that is what Juliet is saying. Old Capulet should come across as a bit of an ogre being the baddie of the scene. The idea the actors have to try and get across is the tension now in the family because of Juliets newfound love. We will write a custom essay on This part of the play is very tense and emotional specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lady Capulet You are meant to be chirpy and pretending to care about Juliets sorrow. You say all the normal how do you dos Dont really take any notice of Juliet because this will signify to the audience that you dont really care your just being nice. You should prance about the stage to give the impression that everything is nice and happy. Example, Juliet says that she is not well. Lady Capulet says jumps to the conclusion that it is Tybalts death you are crying about. Evermore weeping for your cousins death? this is meant to be said with a bit of bounce in your voice as if it were a normal every day question. But as the scene evolves you are meant to take it a bit more seriously. You should start to think more about Juliets well being and trying to look more concerned. You also should start to get into the lines and start to really start to feel the lines. You should also when old Capulet starts to get aggressive towards yourself, Juliet and the nurse get very emotional. Still act intimidated b ut stand your ground and try and overcome Capulet. When you leave the lines talk not with me, for Ill not speak a word. Do as thou wilt, I have done with thee. This is meant to be said apologetically but also in disgust. Old Capulet You walk into the seen almost singing the first couple of lines you are so happy. You should dance a about the room like its your birthday to show that you are really exited about next weeks activities. The next lines Soft! Take me with you, wife. These are almost said in disbelief but the more you talk the more aggressive you should sound and become. You should get louder and dominate the stage. Line 160 on hang thee, young disobedient wretch! you should physically grab Juliet and shake her. The nurse will try and get you off Juliet but just throw her off and have a go at the nurse instead, (still hold Juliet). When lady Capulet has a go at you let go of Juliet and cool down slightly but still say your lines firmly. Exit the stage with some sort of spiteful act. This will show you are leaving but this is not over. Maybe knock a vase off a shelf or something. .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .postImageUrl , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:hover , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:visited , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:active { border:0!important; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:active , .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub10b5b230645c44e726c97a67a35774b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth: Tragic HeroIn The Play Macbeth By William Shakespeare, We Dis EssayNurse When Lady Capulet and Juliet are conversing about Tybalts death try look concerned but dont let your eyes stray from them or it will look as if you are uninterested. But as soon as Lady Capulet mentions Romeo look away so that Juliet dosent notice you listening. When old Capulet walks in look normal and smiling. Try to look bothered about old Capulet shouting but dont get involved until old Capulet gets physical with Juliet. You should leap up and start tugging on old Capulets arm to try and stop him from hurting her. God in heaven bless her! You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. Should be said with force but with a pleading tone. When you are arguing with Old Capulet start to get more confident but dont get aggressive. When you are talking to Juliet after the ordeal put your arm around her and try to persuade her that Paris is better for her than Romeo. Juliet When you are talking to Lady Capulet you are agreeing with her but as a double meaning. Nodding simultaneously to show that you understand what she is saying. Until we get to the line Indeed, I never shall be satisfied with Romeo, till I behold him (PAUSE) dead this is when Juliet really starts to act the part. But you have to say those lines with anger to really befall lady Capulet. When Capulet starts to have a go at you try fight back, but when he grabs you burst into tears and say your line in sort of blubbering talk this will tell the audience you are still a little girl and you are not used to having this pressure. When he leaves still feel sorry for yourself but cheer up slightly. When Lady Capulet leaves try and please the Nurse but dont give in. Sound understanding about what then nurse has to say but dont put your arm round her, or this will look as if you are best friends with the nurse again. Dont trust her because she is saying the better choice is Paris and before she s aid it was for Romeo. I could of cut out bits of this scene because it would get boring but if the acting is good enough it will be okay. The parts of the play where old Capulet starts getting angry go quickly that in a professional film I saw they cut out huge chunks out of this scene and if you listen to the lines carefully they dont make sense. Also actors words were slurred. I dont know if this was the quality of the acting or if it was the actor was trying to show real anger. The actors for Juliet and Old Capulet have to be good because their part in this scene are the most vital.

Waterfall Models in Software Engineering free essay sample

Software metrics Measurement can be applied †¢ to the software process with the intent of improving †¢ to assist in estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control †¢ to help assess the quality of technical work products and to assist in tactical decision making as a project proceeds ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1 MEASURES , METRICS , AND INDICATORS measure provides a quantitative indication of the extent, amount, dimensions, capacity, or size of some attribute of a product or process. a metric as a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process possesses a given attribute†. an indicator is a metric or combination of metrics that provide insight into the software process, a software project, or the product itself A software engineer collects measures and develops metrics so that indicators will be obtained . ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING METRICS IN THE PROCESS AND PROJECT DOMAINS Process indicators †¢ enable a software engineering organization to gain insight into the efficacy of an existing process ( i. We will write a custom essay sample on Waterfall Models in Software Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. , the paradigm, software engineering tasks , work products , and milestones ) . †¢ enable managers and practitioners to assess what works and what doesnt. Process metrics are collected across all projects and over long periods of time. Their intent is to provide indicators that lead to longterm software process improvement. †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2 Project indicators enable a software project manager to †¢ assess the status of an ongoing project †¢ track potential risks †¢ uncover problem areas before they go critical †¢ adjust work flow or tasks †¢ evaluate the project teams ability to control quality of software engineering work products. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Process Metrics and Software Process Improvement The only rational way to improve any process is †¢to measure specific attributes of the process †¢develop a set of meaningful metrics based on these attributes †¢use the metrics to provide indicators that will lead to a strategy for improvement ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 3 Product Customer Characteristics Business Conditions Process People Development Environment Technology oduct Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness †¢ process sits at the center of a triangle connecting three factors that have a profound influence on software quality and organizational performance †¢the skill and motivation of people has most influential factor in quality and performance †¢ the complexity of the product have impact on quality and team performance †¢ the technology (the software engineering methods) the process triangle exists within a circle of environmental conditions that include the development environment, business conditions, customer characteristics (e. . , ease of communication) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 4 Outcomes We measure the efficacy of a software process indirectly based on the outcomes that can be derived from the process. Outcomes : –measures of errors uncovered before release of the software –efects delivered to and reported by end users –work products delivered –human effort expended –calendar time expended –schedule conformance ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING We derive process metrics by measuring the characteristics of specific software engineering tasks. measure the effort and time spent performing the umbrella activities –measure the generic software engineering activities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 5 Private metric There are private and public uses for different types of process data : Data private to the individual –serve as an indicator for the individual only Examples of metrics private to the individual –defect rates (by individual) –defe ct rates (by module) –errors found during development ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Personal Software Process A structured set of process descriptions , measurements , and methods that can help engineers to improve their personal performance Some process metrics are private to the software project team but public to all team members –Defects reported for major software functions –Errors found during formal technical reviews –Lines of code or function points per module and function ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 6 Public metrics Public metrics assimilate information that originally was private to individuals and teams. Project-level defect – rates , – effort, – calendar times, – related data are collected and evaluated in an attempt to uncover indicators that can improve organizational process performance. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Software metrics etiquette Software process metrics can be misused. Software metrics etiquette: –Use common sense and organizational sensitivity when interpreting metrics data. –Provide regular feedback to the individuals and teams who have worked to collect measures and metries. –Dont use metrics to appraise individuals. Work with practitioners and teams to set clear goals and metrics that will be used to achieve them –Never use metrics to threaten individuals or teams. –Metrics data that indicate a problem area should not be considered negative. These data are merely an indicator for process improvement. –Dont obsess on a single metric to the exclusion of other impo rtant metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 7 A simple defect distribution Hardware interface 8% Error checking 11% Data handling 11% User interface 12% Standards 7% Specifications 25% Causes of defects and their origin for four software projects Software interface 6% Logic 20% Origin of errors/defects specification/requirem ents desig n code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING A fishbone diagram showing the causes of one class of defects Missing Ambiguous Specification defects wrong customer queried customer gave wrong info inadequate inquiries used outdated info Incorrect Changes ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 8 Project Metrics Used for strategic purposes by a project manager and a software team to adapt project work flow and technical activities . Project metrics on estimation effort and time duration estimates Production rates pages of documentation, –review hours, –function points, –delivered source lines ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The intent of project metrics is twofold : –to minimize the development schedule, –to assess product quality on an ongoing basis and when necessary, modify the technical app roach to improve quality. Every project should measure: –inputs measures of the resources (e. g. , people, environment) required to do the work, –outputs measures of the deliverables or work products created during the software engineering process, –results measures that indicate the effectiveness of the deliverables ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 9 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT Direct measures (e. g. , the length of a bolt) Indirect measures (e. g. , the quality ) Direct measures –lines of code (LOC) –execution speed –memory size –defects reported over some set period of time Indirect measures †¢functionality, quality, complexity, efficiency, reliability, †¢maintainability and many other abilities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Size-Oriented Metrics Derived by normalizingquality and or productivity measures by considering the size of the software ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 10 Size Oriented Metrics a set of simple size -oriented metrics can be developed for each project: †¢errors per KLOC (thousand lines of code) †¢defects per KLOC †¢$ per LOC †¢pages of documentation per YLOC other interesting metrics: –errors/person-month –LOC per person-month –$/page of documentation ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Lines of Code (LOC) proponents claim †¢LOC can be easily counted, †¢many existing software estimation models use LOC or KLOC as a key input, †¢a large body of literature and data predicated on LOC already exists. pponents claim –LOC measures are programming language dependent, –they penalize well-designed but shorter programs, –they cannot easily accommodate nonprocedural languages, their use in estimation requires a level of detail that may be difficult to achieve (i. e. , the planner must est imate the LOC to be produced long before analysis and design have been completed). ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 11 Function-Oriented Metrics Use a measure of the functionality delivered by the application as a normalization value. Function-oriented metrics were first proposed by Albrecht. Function points measurement parameter number of user inputs number of user outputs number of user inquiries number of files number of externel interfaces count = total count ? ? ? ? ? Weighting Factor simple 3 4 3 7 5 average 4 5 4 10 7 complex 6 7 6 15 10 = = = = = Computing function point metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Number of user inputs. Each user input that provides distinct applicationoriented data to the software is counted. Inputs should be distinguished from inquiries, which are counted separately. Number of user outputs. Each user output that provides application-oriented information to the user is counted. In this context output refers to reports, screens, error messages, and so on. Individual data items within a report are not counted separately. Number of user inquiries. An inquiry is defined as an on-line input that results in the generation of some immediate software response in the form of an on-line output. Each distinct inquiry is counted. Number of files. Each logical master file (i. e. , a logical grouping of data that may be one part of a large database or a separate file), is counted. Number of external interfaces. All machine readable interfaces (e. g. , data files on tape or disk) that are used to transmit information to another system are counted. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 12 COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Once the above data have been collected, a complexity value is associated with each count. For determining whether a particular entry, –simple, –average, –complex. To compute function points (FP), FP = count-total x [0. 65 + 0. 01 x ? Fi] The Fi ( i = 1 to 14) are complexity adjustment values ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Rate each factor on a scale of 0 1 2 3 4 5 No influenc Incident Moderat Average Significant Essentia 1. Does the system require reliable backup and recovery? 2. Are data communications required? 3. Are there distributed processing functions? 4. Is performance critical? 5. Will the system run in an existing, heavily utilized operational environment? 6. Does the system require on-line data entry? 7. Does the on-line data entry require the input transaction to be built over multiple screens or operations? 8. Are the master files updated on-line? 9. Are the inputs, outputs, files, or inquiries complex? 10.. Is the internal processing complex? 1. Is the code designed to be reusable? 12. Are conversion and installation included in the design? 13. Is the system designed for multiple installations in different organizations? 14. Is the application designed to facilitate change and ease o f use by the user? ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 13 Function Point Once function points have been calculated, they are used in a manner analogous to LOC to normalize measures of software productivity, quality, and other attributes : †¢errors per FP †¢defects per FP †¢$ per FP †¢page of documentation per FP †¢FP per person-month ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING An Example of LOC-Based Estimation The CAD software will accept two- and three-dimensional geometric data from an engineer. The engineer will interact and control the CAD system through a user interface that will exhibit characteristics of good humanmachine interface design. All geometric data and other supporting information will be maintained in a CAD database. Design analysis modules will be developed to produce required output which will be displayed on a variety of graphics devices. The software will be designed to control and interact with peripheral devices that include a mouse, digitizer, and laser printer. –user interface and control facilities (UICF) –two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) –three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) –database management (DBM) –computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) –peripheral control (PC) –design analysis modules (DAM) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 14 Function Estimated LOC 2,300 5,300 6,800 3,350 4,950 2,100 8,400 33,200 User interface and control facilities (UICF) Two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) Three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) Database management (DBM) Computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) Peripheral control (PC) Design analysis modules (DAM) Estimated lines of code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Estimation table for LOC method. optimistic: 4600 most likely: 6900 pessimistic: 8600 AN EXAMPLE OF FP-BASED ESTIMATION Information Domain Value opt. likely pess. est. count weight FP-count Number of inputs Number of outputs Number of inquiries Number of files Number of external interfaces 0 12 16 4 2 24 15 22 4 2 30 22 28 5 3 24 16 22 4 2 4 5 4 10 7 96 80 88 40 14 318 Count-total ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 15 Estimating information domain values. Factor Backup and recovery Data communications Distributed processing Performance critical Existing operating environment On-line data entry Input transaction over multiple s creens Master files updated on-line Information domain values complex Internal processing complex Code designed for reuse Conversion/installation in design Multiple installations Application designed for change Complexity adjustment factor Value 4 2 0 4 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 1. 17 ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The estimated number of FP is derived: FPestimated = count-total ? [0. 65 + 0. 01 ? ? Fi ] FPestimated = 372 †¢Historical data normalized using function points indicate that the organizational average productivity for systems of this type is 6. 5 FP/p m. †¢Burdened labor rate of $8000 per month, the cost per FP is approximately $1230. †¢Based on the LOC estimate and the historical productivity data, the total estimated project cost is $457,000 and the estimated effort is 58 personmonths. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 16 Extended Function Point Metrics †¢The function point metric was originally designed to be applied to business information systems applications. †¢The data dimension was emphasized to the exclusion of the functional and behavioral (control) dimensions. †¢The function point measure was inadequate for many engineering and embedded systems †¢Feature points –a superset of the function point –applications in which algorithmic complexity is high. real-time –process control –embedded software applications ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING To compute the feature point †¢information domain values are again counted and weighted as described †¢ In addition, the feature point metric counts a new software characteristic, algorithms. †¢An algorithm is defined as a bounded computational problem that is included within a specific computer program ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 17 3D Function Point †¢ 3D function point integrates Data dimension of software with the functional and control dimensions. Data Dimension †¢ Counts of retained data (the internal program data structure, e. g. , files) †¢ External data (inputs, outputs, inquiries, and external references) Functional Dimension †¢ Measured by considering the number of internal operations required to transform input to output data ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Transformation †¢ †¢ A series of processing steps that are constrained by a set of semantic statements. A transformation is accomplished with an algorithm that results in a fundamental change to input data as it is processed to become output data. Acquire data from a file Simply place that data into program memory †¢ †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 18 The level of complexity assigned to each transformation is a function of : †¢ The number of processing steps †¢ The number of semantic statements that control the processing steps. Semantic Statements 1-5 Processing Steps 1-10 low low low 6-10 11+ 11-20 low average high 21+ verage high high Determining the complexity of a transformation for 3D function points ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Control Dimension †¢ †¢ Measured by counting the number of transitions between states A state represents some externally observable mode of behavior, and a transition occurs as a result of some event that causes the software or system to change its mode of behavior . For example, a cellular phone †¢ auto-dial state †¢ resting state †¢ dialing state ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 19 To compute 3D function points index = I+ O +Q+F+ E+ T+ R where I, 0, Q, F, E, T, and R represent inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal data structures, external files, transformations, and transitions, respectively.. †¢ Each complexity weighted value is computed using the following relationship complexity weighted value = Nil Wil + Nia Wia + Nih Wih where Nil , Nia , and Nih represent the number of occurrences of element i (e. g. , outputs) for each level of complexity (low, average, high) Wil , Wia and Wih are the corresponding weights. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Function Point †¢ The function point ,like the LOC, measure is controversial Proponents claim that †¢ FP is programming language independent, making it ideal for applications using conventional and nonprocedural languages †¢ It is based on data that are more likely to be known early in the evolution of a project Opponents claim that †¢ The method requires some sleight of hand in that computation s i based on subjective, rather than objective, data †¢ Counts of the information domain (and other dimensions) can be difficult to collect after-the fact †¢ FP has no direct physical meaning its just a number.